15.1. Proprietà raster

Per visualizzare e impostare le proprietà di un layer raster, fai doppio clic sul nome del layer nella legenda della mappa, oppure fai clic con il tasto destro del mouse sul nome del layer e scegli Proprietà dal menu contestuale. In questo modo si aprirà la finestra di dialogo Proprietà layer

Ci sono diverse schede nella finestra di dialogo:

Suggerimento

Aggiornamenti in tempo reale

The Pannello Stile Layer provides you with some of the common features of the Layer properties dialog and is a good modeless widget that you can use to speed up the configuration of the layer styles and view your changes on the map canvas.

Nota

Because properties (symbology, label, actions, default values, forms…) of embedded layers (see Progetti nidificati) are pulled from the original project file, and to avoid changes that may break this behavior, the layer properties dialog is made unavailable for these layers.

15.1.1. Proprietà Informazioni

The metadata Information tab is read-only and represents an interesting place to quickly grab summarized information and metadata for the current layer. Provided information are:

  • in base alla fonte dati del layer (formato di memorizzazione, percorso, tipo di dati, estensione, larghezza/altezza, compressione, dimensione dei pixel, statistiche sulle bande, numero di colonne, numero di righe e valore per nessun dato del raster….);

  • picked from the provided metadata: access, links, contacts, history… as well as dataset information (CRS, Extent, bands…).

15.1.2. Proprietà Sorgente

La scheda system Sorgente mostra le informazioni di base sul raster selezionato, inclusi:

../../../_images/rasterPropertiesDialog.png

Fig. 15.1 Raster Layer Properties - Source Dialog

15.1.3. Proprietà Simbologia

15.1.3.1. Visualizzazione banda

QGIS offers four different Render types. The choice of renderer depends on the data type.

  1. Multiband color - if the file comes with several bands (e.g. a satellite image with several bands).

  2. Paletted/Unique values - for single band files that come with an indexed palette (e.g. a digital topographic map) or for general use of palettes for rendering raster layers.

  3. Singleband gray - (one band of) the image will be rendered as gray. QGIS will choose this renderer if the file is neither multiband nor paletted (e.g. a shaded relief map).

  4. Singleband pseudocolor - this renderer can be used for files with a continuous palette or color map (e.g. an elevation map).

  5. Hillshade - Crea una ombreggiatura da una banda.

15.1.3.1.1. Colori Banda Multipla

With the multiband color renderer, three selected bands from the image will be used as the red, green or blue component of the color image. QGIS automatically fetches Min and Max values for each band of the raster and scales the coloring accordingly. You can control the value ranges in the Min/Max Value Settings section.

A Contrast enhancement method can be applied to the values: “No enhancement”, “Stretch to MinMax”, “Stretch and clip to MinMax” and “Clip to min max”.

Nota

Miglioramento contrasto

When adding GRASS rasters, the option Contrast enhancement will always be set automatically to stretch to min max, even if this is set to another value in the QGIS general options.

../../../_images/rasterMultibandColor.png

Fig. 15.2 Simbologia Raster - Visualizzazione colore multibanda

Suggerimento

Visualizzare una singola banda di un raster multibanda

If you want to view a single band of a multiband image (for example, Red), you might think you would set the Green and Blue bands to Not Set. But the preferred way of doing this is to set the image type to Singleband gray, and then select Red as the Gray band to use.

15.1.3.1.2. Valori a tavolozza/Univoci

This is the standard render option for singleband files that include a color table, where a certain color is assigned to each pixel value. In that case, the palette is rendered automatically.

It can be used for all kinds of raster bands, assigning a color to each unique raster value.

If you want to change a color, just double-click on the color and the Select color dialog appears.

It is also possible to assign labels to the colors. The label will then appear in the legend of the raster layer.

Right-clicking over selected rows in the color table shows a contextual menu to:

  • Change Color… for the selection

  • Change Opacity… for the selection

  • Change Label… for the selection

../../../_images/rasterPalettedUniqueValue.png

Fig. 15.3 Simbologia Raster - Visualizzazione valori a tavolozza univoci

The pulldown menu, that opens when clicking the (Advanced options) button below the color map to the right, offers color map loading (Load Color Map from File…) and exporting (Export Color Map to File…), and loading of classes (Load Classes from Layer).

15.1.3.1.3. Banda singola grigia

This renderer allows you to render a single band layer with a Color gradient: “Black to white” or “White to black”. You can change the range of values to color (Min and Max) in the Min/Max Value Settings.

A Contrast enhancement method can be applied to the values: “No enhancement”, “Stretch to MinMax”, “Stretch and clip to MinMax” and “Clip to min max”.

../../../_images/rasterSingleBandGray.png

Fig. 15.4 Simbologia Raster - Visualizzazione banda singola grigia

15.1.3.1.4. Banda singola falso colore

This is a render option for single-band files that include a continuous palette. You can also create color maps for a bands of a multiband raster.

../../../_images/rasterSingleBandPseudocolor.png

Fig. 15.5 Simbologia Raster - Visualizzazione banda singola falso colore

Usando una Banda singola falso colore per il layer e un values range, sono disponibili tre tipi di Interpolazione del colore:

  • Discrete (a <= symbol appears in the header of the Value column)

  • Lineare

  • Exact (an = symbol appears in the header of the Value column)

The Color ramp drop down lists the available color ramps. You can create a new one and edit or save the currently selected one. The name of the color ramp will be saved in the configuration and in the QML file.

La Unità etichetta suffisso è un’etichetta aggiunta dopo il valore nella legenda.

For classification Mode selectString “Equal interval”, you only need to select the number of classes selectNumber and press the button Classify. For Mode selectString “Continuous”, QGIS creates classes automatically depending on Min and Max.

The button signPlus Add values manually adds a value to the table. The button signMinus Remove selected row deletes a value from the table. Double clicking in the Value column lets you insert a specific value. Double clicking in the Color column opens the dialog Change color, where you can select a color to apply for that value. Further, you can also add labels for each color, but this value won’t be displayed when you use the identify feature tool.

Right-clicking over selected rows in the color table shows a contextual menu to:

  • Change Color… for the selection

  • Change Opacity… for the selection

You can use the buttons fileOpen Load color map from file or fileSaveAs Export color map to file to load an existing color table or to save the color table for later use.

La checkbox Ritaglia valori dell’intervallo permette a QGIS di non visualizzare il pixel maggiore del valore Max.

15.1.3.1.5. Ombreggiatura

Visualizzare una banda di un layer Raster usando l’ombreggiatura

../../../_images/rasterHillshade.png

Fig. 15.6 Simbologia Raster - Visualizzazione ombreggiatura

Opzioni:

  • Banda: La banda del raster da usare.

  • Altitudine: L’angolo di elevazione della sorgente luminosa (il valore predefinito è 45°).

  • Azimuth: L’azimut della sorgente luminosa (il valore predefinito è 315°).

  • Fattore Z: Fattore di scala per i valori della banda raster (il valore predefinito è 1).

  • checkbox Multidirezionale: Specifica se deve essere usata l’ombreggiatura multidirezionale (il valore predefinito è off`).

15.1.3.1.6. Impostazione dei valori min e max

By default, QGIS reports the Min and Max values of the band(s) of the raster. A few very low and/or high values can have a negative impact on the rendering of the raster. The Min/Max Value Settings frame helps you control the rendering.

../../../_images/rasterMinMaxValues.png

Fig. 15.7 Simbologia Raster - Impostazione dei valori Min e Max

Sono disponibili le opzioni:

  • radioButtonOff Definito dall’utente: I valori predefiniti Min e Max della(e) banda(i) possono essere sovrascritti.

  • radioButtonOff Cumulative count cut: Removes outliers. The standard range of values is 2% to 98%, but it can be adapted manually.

  • radioButtonOn Min / max: Uses the whole range of values in the image band.

  • radioButtonOff Mean +/- standard deviation x: Creates a color table that only considers values within the standard deviation or within multiple standard deviations. This is useful when you have one or two cells with abnormally high values in a raster layer that impact the rendering of the raster negatively.

Il calcolo dei valori minimi e massimi delle bande viene effettuato in base a:

  • Statistics extent: it can be Whole raster, Current canvas or Updated canvas. Updated canvas means that min/max values used for the rendering will change with the canvas extent (dynamic stretching).

  • Accuracy, which can be either Estimate (faster) or Actual (slower).

Nota

Per alcune impostazioni, potrebbe essere necessario premere il pulsante Applica della finestra di dialogo delle proprietà del layer per visualizzare i valori minimi e massimi effettivi nei widget.

15.1.3.2. Visualizzazione colore

For all kinds of Band rendering, the Color rendering set.

You can achieve special rendering effects for your raster file(s) by using one of the blending modes (see Metodi di fusione).

Further settings can be made by modifying the Brightness, Saturation and Contrast. You can also use a Grayscale option, where you can choose between “Off”, “By lightness”, “By luminosity” and “By average”. For one Hue in the color table, you can modify the “Strength”.

15.1.3.3. Ricampionamento

The Resampling option has effect when you zoom in and out of an image. Resampling modes can optimize the appearance of the map. They calculate a new gray value matrix through a geometric transformation.

../../../_images/rasterRenderAndRessampling.png

Fig. 15.8 Simbologia Raster - Visualizzazione del colore e impostazioni del Ricampionamento

When applying the “Nearest neighbour” method, the map can get a pixelated structure when zooming in. This appearance can be improved by using the “Bilinear” or “Cubic” method, which cause sharp edges to be blurred. The effect is a smoother image. This method can be applied to for instance digital topographic raster maps.

Nella parte inferiore della scheda Simbologia, puoi vedere una miniatura del layer, della legenda e della tavolozza.

15.1.4. Proprietà Trasparenza

transparency QGIS has the ability to set the transparency level of a raster layer. Use the transparency slider slider to set to what extent the underlying layers (if any) should be visible through the current raster layer. This is very useful if you overlay raster layers (e.g., a shaded relief map overlayed by a classified raster map). This will make the look of the map more three dimensional.

../../../_images/rasterTransparency.png

Fig. 15.9 Trasparenza Raster

Additionally, you can enter a raster value that should be treated as an Additional no data value.

An even more flexible way to customize the transparency is available in the Custom transparency options section:

  • Use Transparency band to apply transparency for an entire band.

  • Provide a list of pixels to make transparent with corresponding levels of transparency:

    1. Clicca sul pulsante signPlus Aggiungi valori manualmente. Apparirà cosi una nuova riga.

    2. Inserisci i valori Rosso, Verde e Blu del pixel e regola la Percentuale Trasparenza da applicare.

    3. Alternatively, you can fetch the pixel values directly from the raster using the contextHelp Add values from display button. Then enter the transparency value.

    4. Ripeti i passi per regolare più valori con una trasparenza personalizzata.

    5. Premi il pulsante Applica e dai una controllata alla mappa.

    Come puoi vedere è molto semplice impostare una trasparenza personalizzata, però richiede comunque un po’ di lavoro. Proprio per questo puoi usare il pulsante fileSave Esporta su file per salvare la lista dei valori su un file esterno. Il pulsante fileOpen Importa da file ti permette di caricare le impostazioni di trasparenza e applicarle al raster selezionato.

15.1.5. Proprietà Istogramma

The rasterHistogram Histogram tab allows you to view the distribution of the values in your raster. The histogram is generated when you press the Compute Histogram button. All existing bands will be displayed together. You can save the histogram as an image with the fileSave button.

Nella parte inferiore dell’istogramma, puoi selezionare una banda raster nel menu a discesa e Imposta stile min/max per. Il menu a discesa actionRun Preferiti/Azioni offre opzioni avanzate per personalizzare l’istogramma:

  • With the Visibility option, you can display histograms for individual bands. You will need to select the option radioButtonOff Show selected band.

  • Le Opzioni Min/max permettono di “Mostra sempre i simboli min/max”, “Zoom a min/max” e “Aggiorna stile a min/max”.

  • The Actions option allows you to “Reset” or “Recompute histogram” after you have changed the min or max values of the band(s).

../../../_images/rasterHistogram1.png

Fig. 15.10 Istogramma del raster

15.1.6. Proprietà Visualizzazione

Nella scheda rendering Visualizzazione, è possibile:

  • set Scale dependent visibility for the layer: You can set the Maximum (inclusive) and Minimum (exclusive) scale, defining a range of scales in which the layer will be visible. It will be hidden outside this range. The mapIdentification Set to current canvas scale button helps you use the current map canvas scale as a boundary. See Visualizzazione in funzione della scala for more information.

  • Refresh layer at interval (seconds): set a timer to automatically refresh individual layers. Canvas updates are deferred in order to avoid refreshing multiple times if more than one layer has an auto update interval set.

../../../_images/rasterRendering.png

Fig. 15.11 Visualizzazione Raster

15.1.7. Proprietà Piramidi

High resolution raster layers can slow navigation in QGIS. By creating lower resolution copies of the data (pyramids), performance can be considerably improved, as QGIS selects the most suitable resolution to use depending on the zoom level.

Per creare piramidi devi avere i permessi di scrittura nella cartella contenente il dato originale: in questa cartella verranno salvate le copie a bassa risoluzione.

From the Resolutions list, select resolutions at which you want to create pyramid levels by clicking on them.

Se scegli Interno (se possibile) dal menu a tendina Formato panoramica, QGIS proverà a costruire le piramidi internamente.

Nota

Please note that building pyramids may alter the original data file, and once created they cannot be removed. If you wish to preserve a “non-pyramided” version of your raster, make a backup copy prior to pyramid building.

Se scegli Esterno e Esterno (immagine Erdas) le piramidi verranno create in un file accanto al raster originale con lo stesso nome e un’estensione .ovr.

Several Resampling methods can be used for pyramid calculation:

  • Vicino più prossimo (metodo Nearest Neighbour)

  • Media

  • Gauss

  • Cubico

  • Spline Cubica

  • Laczos

  • Moda

  • Nessuno

Infine, fai clic su Costruisci piramidi per avviare il processo.

../../../_images/rasterPyramids.png

Fig. 15.12 Piramidi raster

15.1.8. Proprietà Metadati

La scheda editMetadata Metadati ti fornisce le opzioni per creare e modificare un report dei metadati sul tuo layer. Vedi vector layer metadata properties per ulteriori informazioni.

../../../_images/rasterMetadata.png

Fig. 15.13 Raster Metadata

15.1.9. Proprietà Legenda

La scheda legend Legenda ti fornisce una lista di widget che puoi inserire all’interno dell’albero dei layer nel Pannello Layer. L’idea è quella di avere un modo per accedere rapidamente ad alcune azioni che sono spesso usate con il layer (impostazioni trasparenza, filtraggio, selezione, stile o altre cose….).

By default, QGIS provides a transparency widget but this can be extended by plugins that register their own widgets and assign custom actions to layers they manage.

../../../_images/rasterLegend.png

Fig. 15.14 Raster Legend

15.1.10. Proprietà Server QGIS

From the overlay QGIS Server tab, information can be provided for Description, Attribution, MetadataUrl and LegendUrl.

../../../_images/rasterServer.png

Fig. 15.15 QGIS Server nelle Proprietà Raster