O modelador gráfico

The graphical modeler allows you to create complex models using a simple and easy-to-use interface. When working with a GIS, most analysis operations are not isolated, rather part of a chain of operations. Using the graphical modeler, that chain of operations can be wrapped into a single process, making it convenient to execute later with a different set of inputs. No matter how many steps and different algorithms it involves, a model is executed as a single algorithm, saving time and effort.

The graphical modeler can be opened from the Processing menu (Processing ‣ Graphical Modeler).

The modeler has a working canvas where the structure of the model and the workflow it represents are shown. The left part of the window is a panel with two tabs that can be used to add new elements to the model.

Modeler

A criação de um modelo involve dois passos:

1. Definição dos dados entrada necessários. Estes dados de entrada serão adicionados na janela de parâmetros, para que o utilizador possa configurar os seus valores quando executa o modelo. O modelo por si é um algoritmo, portanto os parâmetros da janela é gerado automaticamente como acontece em todos os algoritmos disponíveis na infraestrutura de processamento.

2. Definition of the workflow. Using the input data of the model, the workflow is defined by adding algorithms and selecting how they use the defined inputs or the outputs generated by other algorithms in the model.

Definição das entradas

The first step is to define the inputs for the model. The following elements are found in the Inputs tab on the left side of the modeler window:

• Booleano

• CRS

• Distance

• Enum

• Expression

• Extensão

• Fields Mapper

• File/Folder

• Map Layer

• Matrix

• Multiple Input

• Número

• Point

• Range

• Raster Band

• Raster Layer

• Cadeia de texto

• Vector Features

• Vector Field

• Vector Layer

When double-clicking on an element, a dialog is shown that lets you define its characteristics. Depending on the parameter, the dialog will contain at least one basic element (the description, which is what the user will see when executing the model). When adding a numerical value, as can be seen in the next figure, in addition to the description of the parameter, you have to set a default value and the range of valid values.

Model Parameters Definition

Para cada entrada adicionada, um novo elemento é adicionado ao enquadramento do modelador.

Model Parameters

You can also add inputs by dragging the input type from the list and dropping it in the position where you want it in the modeler canvas.

Definição do fluxo de trabalho

Once the inputs have been defined, it is time to define the algorithms of the model. Algorithms can be found in the Algorithms tab, grouped much in the same way as they are in the Processing toolbox.

Model Inputs

To add an algorithm to a model, double-click on its name or drag and drop it, just like for inputs. An execution dialog will appear, with a content similar to the one found in the execution panel that is shown when executing the algorithm from the toolbox. The ones shown next correspond to the QGIS “Drape (set Z value from raster)” algorithm and the QGIS “Climb along line” algorithm.

Model Algorithm parameters

Como pode ver, existem algumas diferenças. Em vez da caixa de saída do ficheiro ser usada para configurar o caminho do ficheiro para as camadas e tabelas de saída, é usado apenas uma caixa de texto simples. Se a camada gerada pelo algoritmo é apenas um resultado temporário, este será usado como o ficheiro de entrada de outro algoritmo e não será mantido como resultado final, mas não edite essa caixa de texto. Introduzindo alguma coisa nela, significa que o resultado é final, e o texto que forneceu será a descrição para o ficheiro de saída, que será aquele que o utilizador irá ver quando executar o modelo.

A selecção do valor para cada parâmetro é também um pouco diferente, uma vez que existem diferenças importantes entre o contexto do modelador e a caixa de ferramentas. Vamos ver como é introduzido os valores para cada tipo de parâmetro.

• Layers (raster and vector) and tables. These are selected from a list, but in this case, the possible values are not the layers or tables currently loaded in QGIS, but the list of model inputs of the corresponding type, or other layers or tables generated by algorithms already added to the model.

• Numerical values. Literal values can be introduced directly in the text box. Clicking on the button beside the text box, expressions can be entered. Available variables for expressions include numerical inputs of the model, outputs from model algorithms and also statistical values from available layers within the model.

• String. Literal strings can be typed in the corresponding text box. Clicking on the button beside the text box, expressions can be entered, as for numerical values.

• Vector Field. The fields of a vector layer cannot be known at design time, since they depend on the selection of the user each time the model is executed. To set the value for this parameter, type the name of a field directly in the text box, or use the list to select a table field. The validity of the selected field will be checked at run time.

Em todos os casos, irá encontrar um parâmetro adicional denominado de Algoritmos Parent que não está disponível quando é chamado o algoritmo a partir da caixa de ferramentas. Este parâmetro permite que possa definir a ordem de como os algoritmos são executados, definindo explicitamente um algoritmo como parent do actual, que irá força-lo a executá-lo antes.

When you use the output of a previous algorithm as the input of your algorithm, that implicitly sets the previous algorithm as parent of the current one (and places the corresponding arrow in the modeler canvas). However, in some cases an algorithm might depend on another one even if it does not use any output object from it (for instance, an algorithm that executes a SQL sentence on a PostGIS database and another one that imports a layer into that same database). In that case, just select the previous algorithm in the Parent algorithms parameter and they will be executed in the correct order.

Once all the parameters have been assigned valid values, click on OK and the algorithm will be added to the canvas. It will be linked to the elements in the canvas (algorithms or inputs) that provide objects that are used as inputs for the algorithm.

Elements can be dragged to a different position on the canvas. This is useful to make the structure of the model more clear and intuitive. Links between elements are updated automatically. You can zoom in and out by using the mouse wheel.

A complete model

You can run your algorithm any time by clicking on the Run button. In order to use the algorithm from the toolbox, it has to be saved and the modeler dialog closed, to allow the toolbox to refresh its contents.

Guardando e e carregando os modelos

Use the Save button to save the current model and the Open button to open any previously saved model. Models are saved with the .model3 extension. If the model has been already been saved from the modeler window, you will not be prompted for a filename. Since there is already a file associated with the model, that file will be used for subsequent saves.

Before saving a model, you have to enter a name and a group for it in the text boxes in the upper part of the window.

Models saved in the models folder (the default folder when you are prompted for a filename to save the model) will appear in the toolbox in the corresponding branch. When the toolbox is invoked, it searches the models folder for files with the .model3 extension and loads the models they contain. Since a model is itself an algorithm, it can be added to the toolbox just like any other algorithm.

Models can also be saved within the project file using the ^{Save model in project} button. Models saved using this method won’t be written as .model3 files on the disk but will be embedded in the project file.

Project models are available in the Project models menu of the toolbox.

The models folder can be set from the Processing configuration dialog, under the Modeler group.

Models loaded from the models folder appear not only in the toolbox, but also in the algorithms tree in the Algorithms tab of the modeler window. That means that you can incorporate a model as a part of a bigger model, just like other algorithms.

Models will show up in the Browser panel , and can be run from there.

Exporting a model as an image, PDF or SVG

A model can also be exported as an image, SVG or PDF (for illustration purposes).

Editando um modelo

You can edit the model you are currently creating, redefining the workflow and the relationships between the algorithms and inputs that define the model.

If you right-click on an algorithm in the canvas, you will see a context menu like the one shown next:

Modeler Right Click

Seleccionando a opção Remover irá fazer com que o algoritmo para ser removido. Um algoritmo só pode ser removido apenas se existir outros algoritmos dependentes dele. Isto é, se não estiver a ser usado um ficheiro de saída de um algoritmo usado como ficheiro de entrada diferente. Se tentar remover um algoritmo que tenha outros que dependa dele, uma mensagem de aviso igual à que vê aqui em baixo:

Cannot Delete Algorithm

Selecting the Edit option will show the parameter dialog of the algorithm, so you can change the inputs and parameter values. Not all input elements available in the model will appear as available inputs. Layers or values generated at a more advanced step in the workflow defined by the model will not be available if they cause circular dependencies.

Select the new values and click on the OK button as usual. The connections between the model elements will change in the modeler canvas accordingly.

A model can be run partially, by deactivating some of its algorithms. To do it, select the Deactivate option in the context menu that appears when right-clicking on an algorithm element. The selected algorithm, and all the ones in the model that depend on it will be displayed in grey and will not be executed as part of the model.

Model With Deactivated Algorithms

When right-clicking on an algorithm that is not active, you will see a Activate menu option that you can use to reactivate it.

Editando os ficheiros de ajuda do modelo e a meta-informação

You can document your models from the modeler itself. Just click on the Edit Model Help button, and a dialog like the one shown next will appear.

Editing Help

No lado direito irá ver uma página simples HTML, criada usando a descrição dos parâmetros de entrada e de saída do algoritmo, juntamente com itens adicionais como uma descrição geral do modelo ou o seu autor. A primeira vez que abre o editor da ajuda, todas as ajudas estão vazias, mas pode editá-los usando os elementos do lado esquerdo do diálogo. Seleccione um elemento na parte superior e escreva a descrição na caixa de texto em baixo.

Model help is saved as part of the model itself.

Exporting a model as a Python script

As we will see in a later chapter, Processing algorithms can be called from the QGIS Python console, and new Processing algorithms can be created using Python. A quick way of creating such a Python script is to create a model and then to export is as a Python file.

To do so, right click on the name of the model in the Processing Toolbox and choose Export Model as Python Algorithm….

Sobre os algoritmos disponíveis

You might notice that some algorithms that can be executed from the toolbox do not appear in the list of available algorithms when you are designing a model. To be included in a model, an algorithm must have the correct semantic. If an algorithm does not have such a well-defined semantic (for instance, if the number of output layers cannot be known in advance), then it is not possible to use it within a model, and it will not appear in the list of algorithms that you can find in the modeler dialog.