일반 도구

컨텍스트 도움말

Whenever you need help on a specific topic, you can access the corresponding page in the current User Manual via the Help button available in most dialogs — please note that third-party plugins can point to dedicated web pages.

패널

By default, QGIS provides many panels to work with. Some of these panels are described below while others may be found in different parts of the document. A complete list of default panels provided by QGIS is available via the View ‣ Panels ‣ menu and mentioned at 패널.

레이어 패널

The Layers panel (also called the map legend) lists all the layers in the project and helps you manage their visibility. You can show or hide it by pressing Ctrl+1. A layer can be selected and dragged up or down in the legend to change the Z-ordering. Z-ordering means that layers listed nearer the top of the legend are drawn over layers listed lower down in the legend.

참고

레이어 정렬 패널을 통해 범례의 Z 순서를 무시하게 할 수 있습니다.

레이어 패널 상단에 있는 툴바의 기능은 다음과 같습니다:

• ^{Open the layer styling dock (F7)}: toggle the layer styling panel on and off.

• ^{Add new group}: 새 레이어 그룹을 만듭니다.

• ^{Manage Map Themes}: control visibility of layers and arrange them in different map themes.

• ^{Filter Legend by Map Content}: 레이어가 켜지고 피처가 현재 맵 캔버스 안에 들어오는 레이어만, 레이어 패널에 레이어 스타일을 표시합니다. 해당 사항이 없을 경우, 일반적인 NULL 심볼로 표시합니다. 레이어 심볼을 바탕으로 하는 이 방식으로 어떤 레이어의 어떤 피처 유형이 사용자의 관심 지역에 들어오는 지 손쉽게 알아볼 수 있습니다.

• ^{Filter Legend by Expression}: apply an expression to remove styles from the selected layer tree that have no feature satisfying the condition. This can be used to highlight features that are within a given area/feature of another layer. From the drop-down list, you can edit and clear the expression currently applied.

• ^{Expand All} 또는 ^{Collapse All}: 레이어 패널에 있는 모든 레이어 및 그룹을 펼치거나 접을 수 있습니다.

• ^{Remove Layer/Group} currently selected.

레이어 패널의 레이어 툴바

참고

Tools to manage the layers panel are also available for map and legend items in print layouts

Configuring map themes

The ^{Manage Map Themes} drop-down button provides access to convenient shortcuts to manipulate visibility of the layers in the Layers panel:

• Show All Layers

• Hide All Layers

• Show Selected Layers

• Hide Selected Layers

• Hide Deselected Layers

Beyond the simple control of layer visibility, the ^{Manage Map Themes} menu allows you to configure Map Themes in the legend and switch from one map theme to another. A map theme is a snapshot of the current map legend that records:

• the layers set as visible in the Layers panel

• and for each visible layer:

  • the reference to the style applied to the layer

  • the visible classes of the style, ie the layer checked node items in the Layers panel. This applies to symbologies other than the single symbol rendering

  • the collapsed/expanded state of the layer node(s) and the group(s) it’s placed inside

To create a map theme:

1. Check a layer you want to show

2. Configure the layer properties (symbology, diagram, labels…) as usual

3. Expand the Style ‣ menu at the bottom and click on Add… to store the settings as a new style embedded in the project

   참고

   A map theme does not remember the current details of the properties: only a reference to the style name is saved, so whenever you apply modifications to the layer while this style is enabled (eg change the symbology rendering), the map theme is updated with new information.

4. Repeat the previous steps as necessary for the other layers

5. If applicable, expand or collapse groups or visible layer nodes in the Layers panel

6. Click on the ^{Manage Map Themes} button on top of the panel, and Add Theme…

7. Enter the map theme’s name and click OK

The new theme is listed in the lower part of the drop-down menu.

You can create as many map themes as you need: whenever the current combination in the map legend (visible layers, their active style, the map legend nodes) does not match any existing map theme contents as defined above, click on Add Theme… to create a new map theme, or use Replace Theme ‣ to update a map theme. Use the Remove Current Theme button to delete the active theme.

Map themes are helpful to switch quickly between different preconfigured combinations: select a map theme in the list to restore its combination. All configured themes are also accessible in the print layout, allowing you to create different map items based on specific themes and independent of the current main canvas rendering (see Map item layers).

레이어 패널의 컨텍스트 메뉴 개요

At the bottom of the toolbar, the main component of the Layers panel is the frame listing vector or raster layers added to the project, optionally organized in groups. Depending on the item selected in the panel, a right-click shows a dedicated set of options presented below.

옵션	벡터 레이어	래스터 레이어	그룹
Zoom to Layer/Group
Zoom to Selection
Show in Overview
Show Feature Count
Copy Layer/Group
Rename Layer/Group
Zoom to Native Resolution (100%)
Stretch Using Current Extent
Update SQL Layer…
Add Group
Duplicate Layer
Remove Layer/Group…
Move Out of Group
Move to Top
Check and all its Parents
Group Selected
Open Attribute Table
Toggle Editing
Current Edits ‣
Filter…
Set Layer Scale Visibility…
Zoom to Visible Scale
Set CRS ‣
Set Layer/Group CRS…
Set Project CRS from Layer
Set Group WMS Data…
Mutually Exclusive Group
Check and all its children (Ctrl-click)
Uncheck and all its children (Ctrl-click)
Make Permanent
Export ‣
Save As…
Save Features As…
Save Selected Features As…
Save As Layer Definition File…
Save As QGIS Layer Style File…
Styles ‣
Copy Style
Paste Style
Add…
Rename Current…
Properties…

표: 레이어 패널의 컨텍스트 메뉴 항목

GRASS 벡터 레이어의 경우, ^{Toggle editing} 을 사용할 수 없습니다. GRASS 벡터 레이어 편집에 대한 정보는 GRASS 벡터 레이어 디지타이즈 및 편집하기 을 참조하십시오.

Interact with groups and layers

범례 창에 있는 레이어들을 그룹화할 수 있습니다. 그룹화하는 데에는 다음 두 가지 방법이 있습니다:

1. 아이콘을 클릭해서 새 그룹을 추가합니다. 그룹의 명칭을 입력한 다음 Enter 를 누르십시오. 이제 기존 레이어를 클릭한 채로 그룹으로 드래그하십시오.

2. Select some layers, right-click in the legend window and choose Group Selected. The selected layers will automatically be placed in a new group.

To move a layer out of a group, drag it out, or right-click on it and choose Move Out of Group: the layer is moved from the group and placed above it. Groups can also be nested inside other groups. If a layer is placed in a nested group, Move Out of Group will move the layer out of all nested groups.

To move a group or layer to the top of the layer panel, either drag it to the top, or choose Move to Top. If you use this option on a layer nested in a group, the layer is moved to the top in its current group.

그룹의 체크박스를 한 번 클릭하는 것으로 그룹 안의 모든 레이어를 한꺼번에 보이게 하거나 숨길 수 있습니다.

Enabling the Mutually Exclusive Group option means you can make a group have only one layer visible at the same time. Whenever a layer within the group is set visible the others will be toggled not visible.

It is possible to select more than one layer or group at the same time by holding down the Ctrl key while clicking additional layers. You can then move all selected layers to a new group at the same time.

You may also delete more than one layer or group at once by selecting several items with the Ctrl key and then pressing Ctrl+D: all selected layers or groups will be removed from the layers list.

More information on layers and groups using indicator icon

In some circumstances, icons appears next to the layer or group in the Layers panel to give more information about the layer/group. These symbols are:

• to indicate that the layer is in edit mode and you can modify the data

• to indicate that the layer being edited has some unsaved changes

• to indicate a filter applied to the layer. Hover over the icon to see the filter expression and double-click to update the setting

• to identify an embedded group or layer and the path to their original project file

• to remind you that the layer is a temporary scratch layer and its content will be discarded when you close this project. To avoid data loss and make the layer permanent, click the icon to store the layer in any of the OGR vector formats supported by QGIS.

벡터 레이어 스타일 편집 작업

From the Layers panel, you have shortcuts to change the layer rendering quickly and easily. Right-click on a vector layer and select Styles ‣ in the list in order to:

• see the styles currently applied to the layer. If you defined many styles for the layer, you can switch from one to another and your layer rendering will automatically be updated on the map canvas.

• 현재 스타일을 복사해서, 이 스타일이 적용 가능한 다른 레이어에 붙여넣어 적용시킬 수 있습니다.

• rename the current style, add a new style (which is actually a copy of the current one) or delete the current style (when multiple styles are available).

참고

The previous options are also available for raster layers.

Whether the features in the vector layer all have the same unique symbol or they are classified (in which case the layer is displayed in a tree structure with each class as a sub-item), the following options are available at layer level or class level:

• Edit Symbol… to open the 심볼 선택기 dialog to change any properties of the layer or feature symbol (symbol, size, color…). Double-clicking on a feature also opens the Symbol Selector dialog.

• 색상 선택기 with a Color Wheel from which you can click a color to update the symbol fill color automatically. For convenience, Recent colors are available at the bottom of the color wheel.

• Show All Items and Hide All Items to toggle on or off the visibility of all the classes of features. This avoids (un)checking items one by one.

팁

손쉽게 레이어 스타일 공유

From the context menu, copy the style of a layer and paste it to a group or a selection of layers: the style is applied to all the layers that are of the same type (vector/raster) as the original layer and, for vector layers, have the same geometry type (point, line or polygon).

레이어 스타일 작업 패널

The Layer Styling panel (also enabled with Ctrl+3) is a shortcut to some of the functionalities of the Layer Properties dialog. It provides a quick and easy way to define the rendering and the behavior of a layer, and to visualize its effects without having to open the layer properties dialog.

In addition to avoiding the blocking (or 《modal》) layer properties dialog, the layer styling panel also avoids cluttering the screen with dialogs, and contains most style functions (color selector, effects properties, rule edit, label substitution…): e.g., clicking color buttons inside the layer style panel causes the color selector dialog to be opened inside the layer style panel itself rather than as a separate dialog.

레이어 패널에 있는 현재 레이어들의 드롭다운 목록에서 항목을 선택한 다음:

• Set raster layer Symbology, Transparency, and Histogram properties. These options are the same as those in the 레스터 속성 대화창.

• Set vector layer Symbology, 3D View and Labels properties. These options are the same as those in the 벡터 속성 대화창.

• Manage the associated style(s) in the Style Manager (more details at 사용자 지정 스타일 관리하기).

• See the History of changes you applied to the layer style in the current project: you can therefore cancel or restore to any state by selecting it in the list and clicking Apply.

Another powerful feature of this panel is the Live update checkbox. Tick it to render your changes immediately on the map canvas: you no longer need to click the Apply button.

Defining a layer’s symbology from the layer styling panel

팁

Add custom tabs to the Layer Styling panel

Using PyQGIS, you can set new tabs to manage layer properties in the Layer Styling Panel. See https://nathanw.net/2016/06/29/qgis-style-dock-part-2-plugin-panels/ for an example.

Layer Order Panel

By default, layers shown on the QGIS map canvas are drawn following their order in the Layers panel: the higher a layer is in the panel, the higher (hence, more visible) it’ll be in the map view.

You can define a drawing order for the layers independent of the order in the layers panel with the Layer Order panel enabled in View ‣ Panels ‣ menu or with Ctrl+9. Check Control rendering order underneath the list of layers and reorganize the layers in the panel as you want. This order becomes the one applied to the map canvas. For example, in figure_layer_order, you can see that the airports features are displayed over the alaska polygon despite those layers〉 respective placement in the Layers panel.

Unchecking Control rendering order will revert to default behavior.

Define a layer order independent of the legend

Overview Panel

The Overview panel (Ctrl+8) displays a map with a full extent view of some of the layers. The Overview map is filled with layers using the Show in Overview option from the Layer menu or in the layer contextual menu. Within the view, a red rectangle shows the current map canvas extent, helping you quickly to determine which area of the whole map you are currently viewing. If you click-and-drag the red rectangle in the overview frame, the main map view extent will update accordingly.

Note that labels are not rendered to the map overview even if the layers used in the map overview have been set up for labeling.

로그 메시지 패널

When loading or processing some operations, you can track and follow messages that appear in different tabs using the Log Messages Panel. It can be activated using the most right icon in the bottom status bar.

실행 취소/재실행 패널

For each layer being edited, the Undo/Redo (Ctrl+5) panel shows the list of actions carried out, allowing you quickly to undo a set of actions by selecting the action listed above. More details at Undo and Redo edits.

통계 요약 패널

The Statistics panel (Ctrl+6) provides summarized information on any vector layer. This panel allows you to select:

• the vector layer to compute the statistics on

• the column to use, or an expression

• the statistics to return using the drop-down button at the bottom-right of the dialog. Depending on the field’s (or expression’s values) type, available statistics are:

통계 정보	문자열	정수	실수	날짜
개수
고유 값(Distinct Value) 개수
누락 값(Missing value) 개수
합계
평균
표준 편차
표본 표준 편차
최소값
최대값
범위
소수 기준(Minority)
다수 기준(Majority)
다양도(Variety)
제1사분위수(First Quartile)
제3사분위수(Third Quartile)
사분위간 범위(Inter Quartile Range)
최소 길이
최대 길이

표: 필드 유형에 따라 사용할 수 있는 통계

The statistical summary can be:

• returned for the whole layer or selected features only

• recalculated using the button when the underlying data source changes (eg, new or removed features/fields, attribute modification)

• copied to the clipboard and pasted as a table in another application

필드에 대한 통계정보 종류 표시

프로젝트 내포 작업

Sometimes, you’d like to keep some layers in different projects, but with the same style. You can either create a default style for these layers or embed them from another project to save time and effort.

기존 프로젝트로부터 레이어 및 그룹을 내포시키면 스타일과 관련해 몇몇 장점이 생깁니다:

• All types of layers (vector or raster, local or online…) can be added

• Fetching groups and layers, you can keep the same tree structure of the 《background》 layers in your different projects

• While the embedded layers are editable, you can’t change their properties such as symbology, labels, forms, default values and actions, ensuring consistency across projects

• Modify the items in the original project and changes are propagated to all the other projects

If you want to embed content from other project files into your project, select Layer ‣ Embed Layers and Groups:

1. Click the … button to look for a project: you can see the content of the project (see figure_embed_dialog)

2. Hold down Ctrl ( or Cmd) and click on the layers and groups you wish to retrieve

3. Click OK

The selected layers and groups are embedded in the Layers panel and displayed on the map canvas. An icon is added next to their name for recognition and hovering over displays a tooltip with the original project file path.

삽입할 레이어 및 그룹 선택

Like any other layer, an embedded layer can be removed from the project by right-clicking on the layer and clicking ^Remove.

팁

내포 레이어의 렌더링 변경

It’s not possible to change the rendering of an embedded layer, unless you make the changes in the original project file. However, right-clicking on a layer and selecting Duplicate creates a layer which is fully-featured and not dependent on the original project. You can then safely remove the linked layer.

Working with the map canvas

렌더링 작업

기본적으로 QGIS는 맵 캔버스를 업데이트할 때마다 모든 가시 레이어를 렌더링합니다. 다음과 같은 이벤트가 맵 캔버스 업데이트를 유발합니다:

• adding a layer

• panning or zooming

• resizing the QGIS window

• changing the visibility of a layer or layers

사용자는 QGIS 상에서 다양한 방법으로 렌더링 과정을 제어할 수 있습니다.

축척에 따른 렌더링

Scale-dependent rendering allows you to specify the minimum and maximum scales at which a layer (raster or vector) will be visible. To set scale-dependent rendering, open the Properties dialog by double-clicking on the layer in the legend. On the Rendering tab, tick Scale dependent visibility and enter the Minimum (exclusive) and Maximum (inclusive) scale values.

You can also activate scale dependent visibility on a layer from the Layers panel. Right-click on the layer and in the context menu, select Set Layer Scale Visibility.

The ^{Set to current canvas scale} button allow you to use the current map canvas scale as boundary of the range visibility.

참고

When a layer is not rendered in the map canvas because the map scale is out of its visibility scale range, the layer is greyed in the Layers panel and a new option Zoom to Visible Scale appears in the layer context menu. Select it and the map is zoomed to the layer’s nearest visibility scale.

맵 렌더링 제어

다음에서 설명하는 대로, 다양한 방법으로 맵 렌더링을 제어할 수 있습니다.

렌더링 보류

To suspend rendering, click the Render checkbox in the bottom-right corner of the status bar. When Render is not checked, QGIS does not redraw the canvas in response to any of the events described in the section 렌더링 작업. Examples of when you might want to suspend rendering include:

• adding many layers and symbolizing them prior to drawing

• adding one or more large layers and setting scale dependency before drawing

• adding one or more large layers and zooming to a specific view before drawing

• any combination of the above

Render 체크박스를 체크하면 렌더링을 활성화해서 즉시 맵 캔버스를 업데이트하게 됩니다.

레이어 추가 옵션 설정

You can set an option to always load new layers without drawing them. This means the layer will be added to the map, but its visibility checkbox in the legend will be unchecked by default. To set this option, choose menu option Settings ‣ Options and click on the Rendering tab. Uncheck By default new layers added to the map should be displayed. Any layer subsequently added to the map will be off (invisible) by default.

렌더링 중단

To stop the map drawing, press the Esc key. This will halt the refresh of the map canvas and leave the map partially drawn. It may take a bit of time between pressing Esc for the map drawing to halt.

참고

현재 렌더링을 중단하는 것은 불가능합니다. 사용자 인터페이스 문제 및 소프트웨어 오류 등의 이유 때문에 Qt4 포팅 버전에서는 비활성화된 상태입니다.

렌더링 질 변경

QGIS는 맵의 렌더링 질을 변경할 수 있는 옵션을 보유하고 있습니다. Settings ‣ Options 메뉴 옵션을 선택하고, Rendering 탭을 클릭한 다음 Make lines appear less jagged at the expense of some drawing performance 체크박스를 체크하거나 해제해보십시오.

렌더링 속도 향상

몇 가지 설정으로 렌더링 속도를 향상시킬 수 있습니다. Settings ‣ Options 메뉴 옵션으로 QGIS 설정 대화창을 열고, Rendering 탭으로 이동해서 다음 체크박스들을 체크하거나 해제해보십시오:

• Use render caching where possible to speed up redraws.

• Render layers in parallel using many CPU cores 를 체크한 다음 Max cores to use 를 설정

• 백그라운드에서 맵을 별개의 이미지로 렌더링해서 각 Map Update interval 시간마다 이 (오프스크린) 이미지의 내용을 가져다가 맵 캔버스를 업데이트하게 됩니다. 하지만 렌더링 작업이 이 간격보다 빨리 끝나는 경우, 그 즉시 화면에 업데이트됩니다.

• With Enable Feature simplification by default for newly added layers, you simplify features〉 geometry (fewer nodes) and as a result, they display more quickly. Be aware that this can cause rendering inconsistencies.

확대/축소 및 이동

QGIS는 사용자의 관심 지역으로 확대/축소하거나 이동할 수 있는 도구를 제공합니다.

Apart from using the ^pan and ^zoom-in/ ^zoom-out icons on the toolbar with the mouse, you can also navigate with the mouse wheel, spacebar and arrow keys. A Zoom factor can be set under the Settings ‣ Options ‣ Map tools menu to define the scale behavior while zooming.

마우스 휠 사용법

You can press the mouse wheel to pan inside of the main window (on macOS, you may need to hold down the cmd key). You can roll the mouse wheel to zoom in and out on the map; the mouse cursor position will be the center of the zoomed area of interest. Holding down Ctrl while rolling the mouse wheel results in a finer zoom.

방향 키 사용법

Panning the map is possible with the arrow keys. Place the mouse cursor inside the map area, and click on the arrow keys to pan up, down, left and right.

You can also use the space bar to cause mouse movements temporarily to pan the map. The PgUp and PgDown keys on your keyboard will cause the map display to zoom in or out following the zoom factor set. Pressing Ctrl++ or Ctrl+- also performs an immediate zoom in/out on the map canvas.

When certain map tools are active (Identify, Measure…), you can perform a zoom by holding down Shift and dragging a rectangle on the map to zoom to that area. This is not enabled for selection tools (since they use Shift for adding to selection) or edit tools.

공간 북마크

공간 북마크를 통해 지리적 위치에 《책갈피》를 끼워 나중에 다시 돌아올 수 있습니다. 기본적으로 북마크는 컴퓨터에 저장되는데, 동일한 컴퓨터일 경우 어떤 프로젝트에서도 사용할 수 있다는 뜻입니다. 북마크를 프로젝트 파일(.qgs)에 저장하고 싶은 경우, In Project 체크박스를 체크하면 됩니다.

북마크 생성

북마크를 생성하려면:

1. 관심 지역으로 확대/축소 또는 이동하십시오.

2. Select the menu option View ‣ New Bookmark or press Ctrl+B. The Spatial Bookmarks panel opens with the newly created bookmark.

3. 북마크를 잘 설명하는 명칭을 (영문자 255개까지 지원합니다) 입력하십시오.

4. 북마크를 프로젝트 파일에 저장하고 싶다면 In Project 체크박스를 체크하십시오.

5. 북마크를 추가하려면 Enter 를 누르거나 패널 외 다른 곳을 클릭하십시오.

북마크 여러 개를 동일한 명칭으로 만들 수 있다는 사실을 기억하십시오.

북마크 관련 작업

To use or manage bookmarks, select View ‣ Show Bookmarks or press Ctrl+7. The Spatial Bookmarks panel allows you to:

• 북마크로 확대/축소: 원하는 북마크를 선택한 다음 Zoom To Bookmark 를 클릭하십시오. 북마크를 더블 클릭해도 해당 위치로 확대/축소할 수 있습니다.

• 북마크 삭제: 북마크를 선택한 다음 Delete Bookmark 를 클릭하십시오. 사용자가 한 번 더 확인해야 합니다.

• Import or Export a bookmark: To share or transfer your bookmarks between computers you can use the Import/Export Bookmarks drop-down menu to export all bookmarks to an .xml file or import bookmarks from such a file.

You can also zoom to saved bookmarks by typing the bookmark name in the locator.

지도 장식

Decorations include Grid, Copyright Label, North Arrow, Scale Bar and Layout Extents. They are used to 〈decorate〉 the map by adding cartographic elements.

그리드

^Grid 를 통해 맵 캔버스에 좌표 격자 및 좌표 주석을 추가할 수 있습니다.

1. Select View ‣ Decorations ‣ Grid to open the dialog.

   

   그리드 대화창

2. Tick Enable grid and set grid definitions according to the layers loaded in the map canvas.

3. Tick Draw annotations and set annotation definitions according to the layers loaded in the map canvas.

4. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.

저작권 라벨

^{Copyright label} adds a copyright label to the map using your choice of text.

1. Select View ‣ Decorations ‣ Copyright Label to open the dialog

   

   저작권 대화창

2. Make sure Enable Copyright Label is checked.

3. Enter the text you want to place on the map. You can include expressions (using the Insert an Expression button).

4. Choose the font for the label from the Font combo box. Set the font color and opacity by clicking the black arrow to the right of the font combo box.

5. Placement 콤보박스를 이용해서 라벨의 위치를 선택하십시오.

6. Refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

7. You can change the color to apply

8. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.

In the example above, which is the default, QGIS places a copyright symbol followed by the date in the bottom-right corner of the map canvas.

방위표

^{North Arrow} adds a north arrow on the map canvas, with options for style and placement.

To add a north arrow:

1. Select View ‣ Decorations ‣ North Arrow to open the dialog.

   

   방위표 대화창

2. Make sure Enable north arrow is checked

3. Optionally change the color and size, or choose a custom SVG.

4. Optionally change the angle or choose Automatic to let QGIS determine the direction

5. Optionally choose the placement from the Placement combo box

6. Optionally refine the placement of the arrow by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

7. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied.

축척 막대

^{Scale Bar} 도구는 맵 캔버스에 단순한 축척 막대를 추가합니다. 사용자가 스타일과 위치는 물론 막대의 라벨도 제어할 수 있습니다.

QGIS only supports displaying the scale in the same units as your map frame. So, if the units of your project’s CRS are meters, you can’t create a scale bar in feet. Likewise, if you are using decimal degrees, you can’t create a scale bar to display distance in meters.

축척 막대를 추가하려면:

1. Select View ‣ Decorations ‣ Scale Bar to open the dialog

   

   축척 막대 대화창

2. Make sure Enable scale bar is checked

3. Choose a style from the Scale bar style combo box

4. Select the Color of bar by choosing a fill color (default: black) and an outline color (default: white). The scale bar fill and outline can be made opaque by clicking on the down arrow to the right of the color input.

5. Select the font for the scale bar from the Font of bar combo box

6. Set the Size of bar

7. Optionally check Automatically snap to round number on resize to display easy-to-read values

8. Choose the placement from the Placement combo box

9. You can refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

10. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.

Layout Extents

^{Layout Extents} adds the extents of map item(s) in print layout(s) to the canvas. When enabled, the extents of all map items within all print layouts are shown using a lightly dotted border labeled with the name of the print layout and map item. You can control the style and labeling of the displayed layout extents. This decoration is useful when you are tweaking the positioning of map elements such as labels, and need to know the actual visible region of print layouts.

Example of layout extents displayed in a QGIS project with two print layouts. The print layout named 〈Sights〉 contains two map items, while the other print layout contains one map item.

To add layout extent(s):

1. Select View ‣ Decorations ‣ Layout Extents to open the dialog

   

   The Layout Extents Dialog

2. Make sure Show layout extents is checked

3. Optionally change the symbol and labeling of the extents

4. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied

팁

Decorations Settings

When you save a QGIS project file, any changes you have made to Grid, North Arrow, Scale Bar, Copyright and Layout Extents will be saved in the project and restored the next time you load the project.

주석 도구

Annotations are information added to the map canvas and shown within a balloon. This information can be of different types and annotations are added using the corresponding tools in the Attributes Toolbar:

• ^{Text Annotation} for custom formatted text

• ^{HTML Annotation} to place the content of an html file

• ^{SVG Annotation} to add an SVG symbol

• ^{Form Annotation}: useful to display attributes of a vector layer in a customized ui file (see figure_custom_annotation). This is similar to the custom attribute forms, but displayed in an annotation item. Also see this video https://youtu.be/0pDBuSbQ02o?t=2m25s from Tim Sutton for more information.

Customized QT Designer annotation form

To add an annotation, select the corresponding tool and click on the map canvas. An empty balloon is added. Double-click on it and a dialog opens with various options. This dialog is almost the same for all the annotation types:

• At the top, a file selector to fill with the path to an html, svg or ui file depending on the type of annotation. For text annotation, you can enter your message in a text box and set its rendering with the normal font tools.

• Fixed map position: when unchecked, the balloon placement is based on a screen position (instead of the map), meaning that it’s always shown regardless the map canvas extent.

• Linked layer: associates the annotation with a map layer, making it visible only when that layer is visible.

• Map marker: using QGIS symbols, sets the symbol to display at the balloon anchor position (shown only when Fixed map position is checked).

• Frame style: sets the frame background color, transparency, stroke color or width of the balloon using QGIS symbols.

• Contents margins: sets interior margins of the annotation frame.

주석 텍스트 대화창

Annotations can be selected when an annotation tool is enabled. They can then be moved by map position (by dragging the map marker) or by moving only the balloon. The ^{Move Annotation} tool also allows you to move the balloon on the map canvas.

To delete an annotation, select it and either press the Del or Backspace button, or double-click it and press the Delete button in the properties dialog.

참고

If you press Ctrl+T while an Annotation tool (move annotation, text annotation, form annotation) is active, the visibility states of the items are inverted.

팁

Layout the map with annotations

You can print or export annotations with your map to various formats using:

• map canvas export tools available in the Project menu

• print layout, in which case you need to check Draw map canvas items in the corresponding map item properties

측정

일반 정보

QGIS는 도형을 측정하는 네 가지 방법을 제공하고 있습니다:

• interactive measurement tools

• measuring in the ^{Field Calculator}

• derived measurements in the Identifying Features tool

• the vector analysis tool: Vector ‣ Geometry Tools ‣ Export/Add Geometry Columns

측정 작업은 (UTM 같은) 투영좌표계 및 투영체가 정의되지 않은 데이터 안에서 이루어집니다. 처음 세 가지 측정 도구의 습성은 일반 투영 설정과 동일합니다:

• Unlike most other GIS, the default measurement metric is ellipsoidal, using the ellipsoid defined in Project ‣ Properties… ‣ General. This is true both when geographic and projected coordinate systems are defined for the project.

• If you want to calculate the projected/planimetric area or distance using cartesian maths, the measurement ellipsoid has to be set to 《None/Planimetric》 (Project ‣ Properties… ‣ General). However, with a geographic (ie unprojected) CRS defined for the data and project, area and distance measurement will be ellipsoidal.

However, neither the identify tool nor the field calculator will transform your data to the project CRS before measuring. If you want to achieve this, you have to use the vector analysis tool: Vector ‣ Geometry Tools ‣ Add Geometry Attributes…. Here, measurement is planimetric, unless you choose the ellipsoidal measurement.

Measure length, areas and angles interactively

Click the icon in the Attribute toolbar to begin measurements. The down arrow near the icon switches between length, area or angle. The default unit used in the dialog is the one set in Project ‣ Properties… ‣ General menu.

참고

측정 도구 환경 설정

While measuring length or area, clicking the Configuration button at the bottom of the widget opens the Settings ‣ Options ‣ Map Tools menu, where you can select the rubberband color, the precision of the measurements and the unit behavior. You can also choose your preferred measurement or angle units, but keep in mind that those values are overridden in the current project by the selection made in the Project ‣ Properties… ‣ General menu, and by the selection made in the measurement widget.

모든 측정 모듈은 디지타이즈 작업 모듈의 스냅 설정(스냅 허용 오차 및 검색 반경 설정 참조)을 이용합니다. 따라서 라인 피처를 따라서든 폴리곤 피처를 돌아서든, 정확히 측정하려면 먼저 레이어 스냅 허용 오차를 설정해야 합니다. 그러면 측정 도구 사용 시 (허용 오차 설정 범위 내의) 각 마우스 클릭이 해당 레이어에 스냅할 것입니다.

By default, ^{Measure Line} measures real distances between given points according to a defined ellipsoid. The tool then allows you to click points on the map. Each segment length, as well as the total, shows up in the measure window. To stop measuring, click the right mouse button.

Note that you can use the drop-down list near the total to change the measurement units interactively while working with the measure tool (〈Meters〉, 〈Kilometers〉, 〈Feet〉, 〈Yards〉, 〈Miles〉, 〈Nautical miles〉, 〈Centimeters〉, 〈Millimeters〉, 〈Degrees〉, 〈Map units〉). This unit is retained for the widget until a new project is created or another project is opened.

The Info section in the dialog explains how calculations are made according to the CRS settings available.

거리 측정

^{Measure Area}: Areas can also be measured. In the measure window, the accumulated area size appears. Right-click to stop drawing. The Info section is also available as well as the ability to switch between different area units (〈Square meters〉, 〈Square kilometers〉, 〈Square feet〉, 〈Square yards〉, 〈Square miles〉, 〈Hectares〉, 〈Acres〉, 〈Square centimeters〉, 〈Square millimeters〉, 〈Square nautical miles〉, 〈Square degrees〉, 〈Map units〉).

면적 측정

^{Measure Angle}: You can also measure angles. The cursor becomes cross-shaped. Click to draw the first segment of the angle you wish to measure, then move the cursor to draw the desired angle. The measurement is displayed in a pop-up dialog.

각도 측정

Interacting with features

피처 선택

QGIS provides several tools to select features on the map canvas. Selection tools are available in the View ‣ Select menu or in the Attributes toolbar.

참고

선택 도구는 현재 활성화된 레이어 상에서 동작합니다.

Selecting manually on the map canvas

To select one or more features with the mouse, you can use one of the following tools:

• ^{Select Features by area or single click}

• ^{Select Features by Polygon}

• ^{Select Features by Freehand}

• ^{Select Features by Radius}

참고

Other than ^{Select Features by Polygon}, these manual selection tools allow you to select feature(s) on the map canvas with a single click.

참고

Use the ^{Select Features by Polygon} tool to use an existing polygon to select overlapping features. Right-click in the polygon and choose it from the context menu that shows a list of all the polygons that contain the clicked point. All the overlapping features from the active layer are selected.

While using the Select Feature(s) tool, holding Shift or Ctrl toggles whether a feature is selected (ie either adds to the current selection or remove from it).

For the other tools, different behaviors can be performed by holding down:

• Shift: 현재 선택 집합에 피처를 추가

• Ctrl: 현재 선택 집합에서 피처를 제거

• Ctrl+Shift: intersect with current selection, ie only keep overlapping features from the current selection

• Alt: select features that are totally within the selection shape. Combined with Shift or Ctrl keys, you can add or substract features to/from the current selection.

자동 선택

The other selection tools, also available from the Attribute table, perform a selection based on a feature’s attribute or its selection state (note that attribute table and map canvas show the same information, so if you select one feature in the attribute table, it will be selected on the map canvas too):

• ^{Select By Expression…} select features using expression dialog

• ^{Select Features By Value…} 도구 또는 F3 키

• ^{Deselect Features from All Layers} or press Ctrl+Shift+A to deselect all selected features in all layers

• ^{Select All Features} or press Ctrl+A to select all features in the current layer

• ^{Invert Feature Selection} to invert the selection in the current layer

For example, if you want to find regions that are boroughs from regions.shp of the QGIS sample data, you can use the ^{Select features using an Expression} icon. Then, expand the Fields and Values group and choose the field that you want to query. Double-click the field 〈TYPE_2〉 and also click All Unique in the panel that shows up. From the list, choose and double-click 〈Borough〉. In the Expression field, write the following query:

"TYPE_2"  =  'Borough'

From the expression builder dialog, you can also use Function list ‣ Recent (Selection) to make a selection that you have used before. The dialog remembers the last 20 expressions used. See 표현식 for more information and examples.

팁

사용자 선택 집합을 새 파일로 저장

Users can save selected features into a New Temporary Scratch Layer or a New Vector Layer using Edit ‣ Copy Features and Edit ‣ Paste Features as in the desired format.

값으로 피처 선택

This selection tool opens the layer’s feature form allowing the user to choose which value to look for for each field, whether the search should be case-sensitive, and the operation that should be used. The tool has also autocompletes, automatically filling the search box with existing values.

양식 대화창을 이용해 피처 필터링/선택

Alongside each field, there is a drop-down list with options to control the search behaviour:

Field search option	문자열	Numeric	날짜
Exclude Field from the search
Equal to (=)
Not equal to (≠)
Greater than (>)
Less than (<)
Greater than or equal to (≥)
Less than or equal to (≤)
Between (inclusive)
Not between (inclusive)
Contains
Does not contain
Is missing (null)
Is not missing (not null)
Starts with
Ends with

For string comparisons, it is also possible to use the Case sensitive option.

After setting all search options, click Select features to select the matching features. The drop-down options are:

• Select features

• Add to current selection

• Filter current selection

• Remove from current current selection

You can also clear all search options using the Reset form button.

Once the conditions are set, you can also either:

• Zoom to features on the map canvas without the need of a preselection

• Flash features, highlighting the matching features. This is a handy way to identify a feature without selection or using the Identify tool. Note that the flash does not alter the map canvas extent and would be visible only if the feature is within the bounds of the current map canvas.

Identifying Features

식별 도구를 통해 맵 캔버스와 상호작용해서 팝업창으로 피처에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있습니다. 피처를 식별하려면, 다음 도구를 이용하십시오:

• View ‣ Identify Features

• Ctrl+Shift+I (or Cmd+Shift+I),

• ^{Identify Features} icon on the Attributes toolbar

피처 식별 도구 이용하기

QGIS offers several ways to identify features with the ^{Identify Features} tool:

• left click identifies features according to the selection mode and the selection mask set in the Identify Results panel

• right click with Identify Feature(s) as selection mode set in the Identify Results panel fetches all snapped features from all visible layers. This opens a context menu, allowing the user to choose more precisely the features to identify or the action to execute on them.

• right click with Identify Features by Polygon as selection mode in the Identify Results panel identifies the features that overlap with the chosen existing polygon, according to the selection mask set in the Identify Results panel

팁

쿼리할 레이어를 피처 식별 도구로 필터링하기

Under Layer Capabilities in Project ‣ Properties… ‣ Data Sources, uncheck the Identifiable column next to a layer to avoid it being queried when using the ^{Identify Features} tool in a mode other than Current Layer. This is a handy way to return features from only layers that are of interest for you.

If you click on feature(s), the Identify Results dialog will list information about the feature(s) clicked. The default view is a tree view in which the first item is the name of the layer and its children are its identified feature(s). Each feature is described by the name of a field along with its value. This field is the one set in Layer Properties ‣ Display. All the other information about the feature follows.

Feature information

The Identify Results dialog can be customized to display custom fields, but by default it will display the following information:

• The feature display name;

• Actions: 피처 식별 창에 액션을 추가할 수 있습니다. 액션 라벨을 클릭해서 액션을 수행합니다. 기본적으로, 편집 작업을 위한 View feature form 이라는 액션 하나만 추가돼 있습니다. 레이어의 속성 대화창에서 더 많은 액션을 정의할 수 있습니다. (액션 속성 참조)

• Derived: This information is calculated or derived from other information. It includes:

  • general information about the feature’s geometry:

    • depending on the geometry type, the cartesian measurements of length, perimeter or area in the layer’s CRS units

    • depending on the geometry type and if an ellipsoid is set in the project properties dialog for Measurements, the ellipsoidal values of length, perimeter or area using the specified units

    • the count of geometry parts in the feature and the number of the part clicked

    • the count of vertices in the feature

  • coordinate information, using the project properties Coordinates display settings:

    • X and Y coordinate values of the point clicked

    • the number of the closest vertex to the point clicked

    • X and Y coordinate values of the closest vertex (and Z`/`M if applicable)

    • if you click on a curved segment, the radius of that section is also displayed.

• Data attributes: 사용자가 클릭한 피처의 속성 필드 및 값들의 목록입니다.

참고

Links in the feature’s attributes are clickable from the Identify Results panel and will open in your default web browser.

식별 결과 대화창

식별 결과 대화창

At the top of the window, you have a handful of tools:

• ^{Open Form} of the current feature

• ^{Expand tree}

• ^{Collapse tree}

• ^{Expand New Results by Default} to define whether the next identified feature’s information should be collapsed or expanded

• ^{Clear Results}

• ^{Copy selected feature to clipboard}

• ^{Print selected HTML response}

• selection mode to use to fetch features to identify:

  • ^{Identify Features by area or single click}

  • ^{Identify Features by Polygon}

  • ^{Identify Features by Freehand}

  • ^{Identify Features by Radius}

  참고

  When using ^{Identify Features by Polygon}, you can right-click any existing polygon and use it to identify overlapping features in another layer.

At the bottom of the window are the Mode and View comboboxes. Mode defines from which layers features should be identified:

• Current layer: only features from the selected layer are identified. The layer need not be visible in the canvas.

• Top down, stop at first: only features from the upper visible layer.

• Top down: all features from the visible layers. The results are shown in the panel.

• Layer selection: opens a context menu where the user selects the layer to identify features from, similar to a right-click. Only the chosen features will be shown in the result panel.

View 를 트리, 테이블 또는 그래프 로 설정할 수 있습니다. 래스터 레이어에 대해서만 〈테이블’과 〈그래프’를 설정할 수 있습니다.

The identify tool allows you to Auto open form. If checked, each time a single feature is identified, a form opens showing its attributes. This is a handy way to quickly edit a feature’s attributes.

식별된 항목의 컨텍스트 메뉴에서 다른 기능도 찾아볼 수 있습니다. 예를 들면, 컨텍스트 메뉴를 통해 다음 작업을 할 수 있습니다:

• 피처 양식 보기

• 피처로 확대/축소

• 피처 복사: 모든 피처 도형 및 속성 복사

• Toggle feature selection: Add identified feature to selection

• 속성값 복사: 사용자가 클릭한 속성값만 복사

• 피처 속성 복사: 피처의 속성을 복사

• 결과 삭제: 창에서 식별 결과를 제거

• 강조 삭제: 맵 상에서 강조된 피처를 제거

• 모든 피처 강조

• 레이어 강조

• 레이어 활성화: 활성화할 레이어를 선택

• 레이어 속성: 레이어 속성 창 열기

• 모두 확장

• 모두 접기

레이어 속성 저장 및 공유

사용자 지정 스타일 관리하기

When a vector layer is added to the map canvas, QGIS by default uses a random symbol/color to render its features. However, you can set a default symbol in Project ‣ Properties… ‣ Default styles that will be applied to each newly added layer according to its geometry type.

Most of the time, though, you’d rather have a custom and more complex style that can be applied automatically or manually to the layers (with less effort). You can achieve this by using the Style menu at the bottom of the Layer Properties dialog. This menu provides you with functions to create, load and manage styles.

A style stores any information set in the layer properties dialog to render or interact with the layer (including symbology, labeling, fields and form definitions, actions, diagrams…) for vector layers, or the pixels (band or color rendering, transparency, pyramids, histogram …) for raster.

벡터 레이어 스타일 콤보박스 옵션들

By default, the style applied to a loaded layer is named default. Once you have got the ideal and appropriate rendering for your layer, you can save it by clicking the Style combobox and choosing:

• Rename Current: The active style is renamed and updated with the current options

• Add: 현재 옵션으로 새 스타일을 생성합니다. 기본적으로 QGIS 프로젝트 파일 안에 저장될 겁니다. 스타일을 다른 파일로 또는 데이터베이스에 저장하는 방법은 다음 항을 참조하세요.

• Remove: Delete unwanted style, in case you have more than one style defined for the layer.

At the bottom of the Style drop-down list, you can see the styles set for the layer with the active one checked.

Note that each time you validate the layer properties dialog, the active style is updated with the changes you’ve made.

You can create as many styles as you wish for a layer but only one can be active at a time. In combination with Map Themes, this offers a quick and powerful way to manage complex projects without the need to duplicate any layer in the map legend.

참고

Given that whenever you apply modifications to the layer properties, changes are stored in the active style, always ensure you are editing the right style to avoid mistakenly altering a style used in a map theme.

팁

레이어 컨텍스트 메뉴에서 스타일 관리하기

Right-click on the layer in the Layers panel to add, rename or remove layer styles.

Storing Styles in a File or a Database

While styles created from the Style combobox are by default saved inside the project and can be copied and pasted from layer to layer in the project, it’s also possible to save them outside the project so that they can be loaded in another project.

Save as text file

Style ‣ Save Style 메뉴를 클릭하면, 스타일을 다음 텍스트 파일로 저장할 수 있습니다:

• QGIS 레이어 스타일 파일 (.qml)

• SLD file (.sld), only available for vector layers

Used on file-based format layers (.shp, .tab…), Save as Default generates a .qml file for the layer (with the same name). SLDs can be exported from any type of renderer – single symbol, categorized, graduated or rule-based – but when importing an SLD, either a single symbol or rule-based renderer is created. This means that categorized or graduated styles are converted to rule-based. If you want to preserve those renderers, you have to use the QML format. On the other hand, it can be very handy sometimes to have this easy way of converting styles to rule-based.

데이터베이스에 저장

Vector layer styles can also be stored in a database if the layer datasource is a database provider. Supported formats are PostGIS, GeoPackage, SpatiaLite, MSSQL and Oracle. The layer style is saved inside a table (named layer_styles) in the database. Click on Save Style… ‣ Save in database then fill in the dialog to define a style name, add a description, a .ui file if applicable and to check if the style should be the default style.

You can save several styles for a single table in the database. However, each table can have only one default style. Default styles can be saved in the layer database or in the QGIS local database, a SQLite database in the ~/.qgis2/ directory (where QGIS stores its local settings).

데이터베이스 대화창에서 스타일 저장

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데이터베이스들 사이에서 스타일 파일 공유하기

레이어가 데이터베이스 기반일 경우에만 해당 데이터베이스에 사용자 스타일을 저장할 수 있습니다. 데이터베이스 사이에서 (예를 들어 Oracle 레이어와 MS SQL 스타일은) 호환되지 않습니다. 데이터베이스들 사이에서 스타일을 공유하려면 암호화되지 않은 텍스트 파일을 대신 이용하십시오.

참고

You may encounter issues restoring the layer_styles table from a PostgreSQL database backup. Follow QGIS layer_style 테이블 및 데이터베이스 백업 to fix that.

스타일 불러오기

When loading a layer in QGIS, if a default style already exists for this layer, QGIS loads the layer with this style. Also Style ‣ Restore Default looks for and loads that file, replacing the layer’s current style.

Style ‣ Load Style helps you apply any saved style to a layer. While text-file styles (.sld or .qml) can be applied to any layer whatever its format, loading styles stored in a database is only possible if the layer is from the same database or the style is stored in the QGIS local database.

The Database Styles Manager dialog displays a list of styles related to the layer found in the database and all the other styles saved in it, with name and description.

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프로젝트 내부에서 손쉽게 레이어 스타일 공유

You can also share layer styles within a project without importing a file or database style: right-click on the layer in the Layers Panel and, from the Styles combobox , copy the style of a layer and paste it to a group or a selection of layers: the style is applied to all the layers that are of the same type (vector vs raster) as the original layer and, in the case of vector layers, have the same geometry type (point, line or polygon).

Layer definition file

Layer definitions can be saved as a Layer Definition File (.qlr) using Export ‣ Save As Layer Definition File… in the active layers〉 context menu. A layer definition file (.qlr) includes references to the data source of the layers and their styles. .qlr files are shown in the Browser Panel and can be used to add the layers (with the saved style) to the Layers Panel. You can also drag and drop .qlr files from the system file manager into the map canvas.

Storing values in Variables

In QGIS, you can use variables to store useful recurrent values (e.g. the project’s title, or the user’s full name) that can be used in expressions. Variables can be defined at the application’s global level, project level, layer level, layout level, and layout item’s level. Just like CSS cascading rules, variables can be overwritten - e.g., a project level variable will overwrite any application global level variables set with the same name. You can use these variables to build text strings or other custom expressions using the @ character before the variable name. For example in print layout creating a label with this content:

This map was made using QGIS [% @qgis_version %]. The project file for this
map is: [% @project_path %]

다음과 같은 라벨로 렌더링됩니다:

This map was made using QGIS 3.4.4-Madeira. The project file for this map is:
/gis/qgis-user-conference-2019.qgs

사전 설정된 읽기 전용 변수 이외에도, 사용자가 앞에서 언급한 모든 레벨에서 사용자 지정 변수를 정의할 수 있습니다. 다음 변수들을 관리할 수 있습니다:

• global variables from the Settings ‣ Options menu

• project variables from the Project Properties dialog (see 프로젝트 속성)

• vector layer variables from the Layer Properties dialog (see 벡터 속성 대화창);

• layout variables from the Layout panel in the Print layout (see The Layout Panel);

• and layout item variables from the Item Properties panel in the Print layout (see Layout Items Common Options).

To differentiate from editable variables, read-only variable names and values are displayed in italic. On the other hand, higher level variables overwritten by lower level ones are strike through.

Variables editor at the project level

참고

You can read more about variables and find some examples in Nyall Dawson’s Exploring variables in QGIS 2.12, part 1, part 2 and part 3 blog posts.

인증

QGIS has the facility to store/retrieve authentication credentials in a secure manner. Users can securely save credentials into authentication configurations, which are stored in a portable database, can be applied to server or database connections, and are safely referenced by their ID tokens in project or settings files. For more information see 인증 시스템.

인증 시스템 및 그 자체 데이터베이스를 처음 실행할 때 마스터 비밀번호를 설정해줘야 합니다.

Common widgets

In QGIS, there are some options you’ll often have to work with. For convenience, QGIS provides you with special widgets that are presented below.

색상 선택기

The color dialog

The Select Color dialog will appear whenever you click the icon to choose a color. The features of this dialog depend on the state of the Use native color chooser dialogs parameter checkbox in Settings ‣ Options… ‣ General. When checked, the color dialog used is the native one of the OS on which QGIS is running. Otherwise, the QGIS custom color chooser is used.

The custom color chooser dialog has four different tabs which allow you to select colors by ^{Color ramp}, ^{Color wheel}, ^{Color swatches} or ^{Color picker}. With the first two tabs, you can browse to all possible color combinations and apply your choice to the item.

색상 선택기의 색상표 탭

In the ^{Color swatches} tab, you can choose from a list of color palettes (see 색상 설정 for details). All but the Recent colors palette can be modified with the ^{Add current color} and ^{Remove selected color} buttons at the bottom of the frame.

The … button next to the palette combobox also offers several options to:

• 색상을 복사, 붙여넣기, 불러오기 또는 내보내기

• create, import or remove color palettes

• add the custom palette to the color selector widget with the Show in Color Buttons item (see figure_color_selector)

Color selector swatches tab

Another option is to use the ^{Color picker} which allows you to sample a color from under your mouse cursor at any part of the QGIS UI or even from another application: press the space bar while the tab is active, move the mouse over the desired color and click on it or press the space bar again. You can also click the Sample Color button to activate the picker.

Whatever method you use, the selected color is always described through color sliders for HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) and RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values. The color is also identifiable in HTML notation.

Modifying a color is as simple as clicking on the color wheel or ramp or on any of the color parameters sliders. You can adjust such parameters with the spinbox beside or by scrolling the mouse wheel over the corresponding slider. You can also type the color in HTML notation. Finally, there is an Opacity slider to set transparency level.

The dialog also provides a visual comparison between the Old color (applied to object) and the Current one (being selected). Using drag-and-drop or pressing the ^{Add color to swatch} button, any of these colors can be saved in a slot for easy access.

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빠른 색상 조정

Drag-and-drop a color selector widget onto another one to apply its color.

The color drop-down shortcut

Click the drop-down arrow to the right of the color button to display a widget for quick color selection. This shortcut provides access to:

• a color wheel to pick a color from

• an alpha slider to change color opacity

• the color palettes previously set to Show in Color Buttons

• copy the current color and paste it into another widget

• pick a color from anywhere on your computer display

• choose a color from the color selector dialog

빠른 색상 선택기 메뉴

The color ramp drop-down shortcut

Color ramps are a practical way to apply a set of colors to one or many features. Their creation is described in the 색상표 section. As for the colors, pressing the color ramp button opens the corresponding color ramp type dialog allowing you to change its properties.

Customizing a colorbrewer ramp

The drop-down menu to the right of the button gives quick access to a wider set of color ramps and options:

• Invert Color Ramp

• a preview of the gradient or catalog: cpt-city color ramps flagged as Favorites in the Style Manager dialog

• All Color Ramps to access the compatible color ramps database

• Create New Color Ramp… of any supported type that could be used in the current widget (note that this color ramp will not be available elsewhere unless you save it in the library)

• Edit Color Ramp…, the same as clicking the whole color ramp button

• Save Color Ramp…, to save the current color ramp with its customizations in the style library

Quick color ramp selection widget

혼합 모드

QGIS offers different options for special rendering effects with these tools that you may previously only know from graphics programs. Blending modes can be applied on layers and features, and also on print layout items:

• Normal: 표준 혼합 모드로, 위에 있는 픽셀의 알파 채널을 이용해서 밑에 있는 픽셀과 혼합합니다. 색상은 섞이지 않습니다.

• Lighten: 위에 있는 픽셀과 밑에 있는 픽셀로부터 각 요소의 최대값을 선택합니다. 이 모드의 산출물은 경계가 도드라져 보기 안 좋은 경향이 있다는 사실을 주의하십시오.

• Screen: Light pixels from the source are painted over the destination, while dark pixels are not. This mode is most useful for mixing the texture of one item with another item (such as using a hillshade to texture another layer).

• Dodge: Brighten and saturate underlying pixels based on the lightness of the top pixel. Brighter top pixels cause the saturation and brightness of the underlying pixels to increase. This works best if the top pixels aren’t too bright. Otherwise the effect is too extreme.

• Addition: Adds pixel values of one item to the other. In case of values above the maximum value (in the case of RGB), white is displayed. This mode is suitable for highlighting features.

• Darken: Retains the lowest values of each component of the foreground and background pixels. Like lighten, the results tend to be jagged and harsh.

• Multiply: Pixel values of the top item are multiplied with the corresponding values for the bottom item. The results are darker.

• Burn: Darker colors in the top item cause the underlying items to darken. Burn can be used to tweak and colorize underlying layers.

• Overlay: Combines multiply and screen blending modes. Light parts become lighter and dark parts become darker.

• Soft light: Very similar to overlay, but instead of using multiply/screen it uses color burn/dodge. This is supposed to emulate shining a soft light onto an image.

• Hard light: 이 모드도 Overlay 모드와 매우 비슷합니다. 이미지 상에 아주 강렬한 빛을 비추는 것 같은 효과를 낸다고 합니다.

• Difference: Subtracts the top pixel from the bottom pixel, or the other way around, in order always to get a positive value. Blending with black produces no change, as the difference with all colors is zero.

• Subtract: Subtracts pixel values of one item from the other. In the case of negative values, black is displayed.

데이터 정의 무시 설정

Next to many options in the vector layer properties dialog or settings in the print layout, you will find a ^{Data defined override} icon. Using expressions based on layer attributes or item settings, prebuilt or custom functions and variables, this tool allows you to set dynamic values for parameters. When enabled, the value returned by this widget is applied to the parameter regardless of its normal value (checkbox, textbox, slider…).

The data defined override widget

Clicking the ^{Data defined override} icon shows the following entries:

• Description… that indicates if the option is enabled, which input is expected, the valid input type and the current definition. Hovering over the widget also pops up this information.

• Store data in the project: a button allowing the property to be stored using to the Auxiliary Storage Properties mechanism.

• Field type: an entry to select from the layer’s fields that match the valid input type.

• An entry to list the Variable available.

• Edit… button to create or edit the expression to apply, using the Expression String Builder dialog. To help you correctly fill in the expression, a reminder of the expected output’s format is provided in the dialog.

• Paste and Copy buttons.

• Clear 버튼은 설정을 초기화합니다.

• For numeric and color properties, Assistant… to rescale how the feature data is applied to the property (more details below)

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Use right-click to (de)activate the data override

When the data-defined override option is set up correctly the icon is yellow or . If it is broken, the icon is red or .

You can enable or disable a configured ^{data-defined override} button by simply clicking the widget with the right mouse button.

Using the data-defined assistant interface

When the ^{Data-defined override} button is associated with a numeric or color parameter, it has an Assistant… option that allows you to change how the data is applied to the parameter for each feature. The assistant allows you to:

• Define the Input data, ie:

  • the attribute to represent, using the Field listbox or the ^{Set column expression} function (see 표현식)

  • the range of values to represent: you can manually enter the values or use the ^{Fetch value range from layer} button to fill these fields automatically with the minimum and maximum values returned by the chosen attribute or the expression applied to your data

• Apply transform curve: by default, output values (see below for setting) are applied to input features following a linear scale. You can override this logic: enable the transform option, click on the graphic to add break point(s) and drag the point(s) to apply a custom distribution.

• Define the Output values: the options vary according to the parameter to define. You can globally set:

  • the minimum and maximum values to apply to the selected property (n case of a color setting, you’ll need to provide a color ramp)

  • the Scale method of representation which can be Flannery, Exponential, Surface or Radius

  • the Exponent to use for data scaling

  • the output value or color to represent features with NULL values

When compatible with the property, a live-update preview is displayed in the right-hand side of the dialog to help you control the value scaling.

The data-defined size assistant

The values presented in the varying size assistant above will set the size 〈Data-defined override〉 with:

coalesce(scale_exp(Importance, 1, 20, 2, 10, 0.57), 1)