22.9. Konfiguration externer Anwendungen

The processing framework can be extended using additional applications. Algorithms that rely on external applications are managed by their own algorithm providers. Additional providers can be found as separate plugins, and installed using the QGIS Plugin Manager.

This section will show you how to configure the Processing framework to include these additional applications, and it will explain some particular features of the algorithms based on them. Once you have correctly configured the system, you will be able to execute external algorithms from any component like the toolbox or the graphical modeler, just like you do with any other algorithm.

By default, algorithms that rely on an external application not shipped with QGIS are not enabled. You can enable them in the Processing settings dialog if they are installed on your system.

22.9.1. Ein Hinweis für Windows Anwender

If you are not an advanced user and you are running QGIS on Windows, you might not be interested in reading the rest of this chapter. Make sure you install QGIS in your system using the standalone installer. That will automatically install SAGA and GRASS in your system and configure them so they can be run from QGIS. All the algorithms from these providers will be ready to be run without needing any further configuration. If installing with the OSGeo4W application, make sure that you also select SAGA and GRASS for installation.

22.9.2. Eine Bemwerkung zu den Datenformaten

When using external software, opening a file in QGIS does not mean that it can be opened and processed in that other software. In most cases, other software can read what you have opened in QGIS, but in some cases, that might not be true. When using databases or uncommon file formats, whether for raster or vector layers, problems might arise. If that happens, try to use well-known file formats that you are sure are understood by both programs, and check the console output (in the log panel) to find out what is going wrong.

You might for instance get trouble and not be able to complete your work if you call an external algorithm with a GRASS raster layers as input. For this reason, such layers will not appear as available to algorithms.

You should, however, not have problems with vector layers, since QGIS automatically converts from the original file format to one accepted by the external application before passing the layer to it. This adds extra processing time, which might be significant for large layers, so do not be surprised if it takes more time to process a layer from a DB connection than a layer from a Shapefile format dataset of similar size.

Provider, die keine externe Anwendung verwenden können jeden beliebigen Layer, den Sie in QGIS öffnen können, prozessieren, da Sie ihn für Analysen anhand von QGIS öffnen.

All raster and vector output formats produced by QGIS can be used as input layers. Some providers do not support certain formats, but all can export to common formats that can later be transformed by QGIS automatically. As for input layers, if a conversion is needed, that might increase the processing time.

22.9.3. Eine Bemerkung zu Vektorlayern mit ausgewählten Objekten

Externe Anwendungen können auch über die Auswahl die in Vektorlayern innerhalb von QGIS vorliegt unterrichtet werden. Das jedoch erfordert das Umschreiben aller Eingabevektorlayer, so als würden Sie ursprünglich in einem Format, das nicht von der externen Anwendung unterstützt wird, vorliegen. Nur wenn eine Auswahl besteht, oder die Use only selected features Option in den Verarbeitungsoptionen nicht aktiviert ist, kann ein Layer direkt an eine externe Anwendung übergeben werden.

In other cases, exporting only selected features is needed, which causes longer execution times.

22.9.4. SAGA

SAGA algorithms can be run from QGIS if SAGA is included with the QGIS installation.

If you are running Windows, both the stand-alone installer and the OSGeo4W installer include SAGA.

22.9.4.1. Über die SAGA KBS Einschränkungen

Die meisten SAGA Algorithmen, die mehrere Eingaberasterlayer benötigen, haben die Anforderung, dass diese das gleiche Grid-System haben. Das heißt, dass Sie das gleiche geografische Gebiet abdecken und die gleiche Zellgröße besitzen müssen, so dass Ihre korrespondierenden Grids zueinander passen. Wenn SAGA Algorithmen von QGIS aus aufgerufen werden, können Sie jeden Layer unabhängig von Zellgröße und Ausdehnung benutzen. Wenn Mahrfachrasterlayer als Eingabe für einen SAGA Algorithmus verwendet werden, resampled QGIS sie zu einem gemeinsamen Grid-System und übergibt diese dann an SAGA (es sei denn der SAGA Algorithmus kann mit Layern aus verschiedenen Grid-Systemen operieren).

Die Definition dieses gemeinsamen Grid-Systems wird durch den Anwender kontrolliert und Sie werden dafür mehrere Parameter in der SAGA Gruppe im Einstellungen Fenster finden. Es gibt zwei Wege das Ziel-Grid-System einzustellen:

• Manuelles Einstellen. Sie definieren das Ausmaß indem Sie die Werte der folgenden Parameter setzen:

  • Resampling min X

  • Resampling max X

  • Resampling min Y

  • Resampling max Y

  • Resampling cellsize

  Beachten Sie, dass QGIS alle Eingabelayer bis zu diesem Ausmaß resampled, auch wenn sie sich nicht damit überschneiden.

• Automatisches Einstellen aus Eingabelayern. Um diese Option auszuwählen, überprüfen Sie einfach die Use min covering grid system for resampling Option. Alle anderen Einstellungen werden ignoriert und das minimale Ausmaß, das alle Eingabelayer abdeckt, wird benutzt. Die Zellgröße des Ziellayers ist das Maximum aller Zellgrößen des Eingabelayers.

Für Algorithmen, die nicht mit mehreren Rasterlayern arbeiten, oder für diejenigen, die kein eindeutiges KBS bauchen, wird kein Resampling vor dem Aufruf von SAGA durchgeführt, und die Parameter werden nicht verwendet.

22.9.4.2. Einschränkungen für Multi-Band-Layer

Im Gegensatz zu QGIS hat SAGA keine Unterstützung für Multikanallayer. Wenn Sie einen Multikanallayer benutzen wollen (so wie ein RGB oder ein Multispektralbild), müssen Sie ihn erst in Einkanalbilder aufspalten. Um das zu tun, können Sie den ‚SAGA/Grid - Tools/Split RGB image‘ Algorithmus (der drei Bilder aus einem RGB Bild erstellt) oder den ‚SAGA/Grid - Tools/Extract band‘ Algorithmus (um einen einzelnen Kanal zu extrahieren) verwenden.

22.9.4.3. Einschränkungen in der Zellgröße

SAGA geht davon aus, dass Rasterlayer die selbe Pixelgröße in X- und Y-Richtung haben. Wenn Sie mit einem Layer mit unterschiedlichen Werten für die horizontale und vertikale Pixelgöße arbeiten, erhalten Sie möglicherweise unerwartete Ergebnisse. In diesem Fall wird eine Warnung im Verarbeitung Protokoll hinzugefügt, das anzeigt, dass ein Layer möglicherweise nicht geeignet ist, von SAGA verarbeitet zu werden.

22.9.4.4. Logging

Wenn QGIS SAGA aufruft, findet das über die Kommandozeilen-Schnittstelle statt mit einer Reihe von Befehlen, um alle erforderlichen Operation durchzuführen. SAGA zeigt den Fortschritt, indem es Informationen an die Konsole übergibt, die den Prozentsatz der Verarbeitung beinhaltet, zusammen mit zusätzlichen Inhalten. Diese Ausgabe wird gefiltert und verwendet, um die Fortschrittsanzeige zu aktualisieren, während der Algorithmus läuft.

Both the commands sent by QGIS and the additional information printed by SAGA can be logged along with other processing log messages, and you might find them useful to track what is going on when QGIS runs a SAGA algorithm. You will find two settings, namely Log console output and Log execution commands, to activate that logging mechanism.

Most other providers that use external applications and call them through the command-line have similar options, so you will find them as well in other places in the processing settings list.

22.9.5. R scripts

To enable R in Processing you need to install the Processing R Provider plugin and configure R for QGIS.

Configuration is done in Provider ▶ R in the Processing tab of Settings ▶ Options.

Depending on your operating system, you may have to use R folder to specify where your R binaries are located.

Bemerkung

On Windows the R executable file is normally in a folder (R-<version>) under C:\Program Files\R\. Specify the folder and NOT the binary!

On Linux you just have to make sure that the R folder is in the PATH environment variable. If R in a terminal window starts R, then you are ready to go.

After installing the Processing R Provider plugin, you will find some example scripts in the Processing Toolbox:

• Scatterplot runs an R function that produces a scatter plot from two numerical fields of the provided vector layer.

• test_sf does some operations that depend on the sf package and can be used to check if the R package sf is installed. If the package is not installed, R will try to install it (and all the packages it depends on) for you, using the Package repository specified in Provider ▶ R in the Processing options. The default is http://cran.at.r-project.org/. Installing may take some time…

• test_sp can be used to check if the R package sp is installed. If the package is not installed, R will try to install it for you.

If you have R configured correctly for QGIS, you should be able to run these scripts.

22.9.5.1. Adding R scripts from the QGIS collection

R integration in QGIS is different from that of SAGA in that there is not a predefined set of algorithms you can run (except for some example script that come with the Processing R Provider plugin).

A set of example R scripts is available in the QGIS Repository. Perform the following steps to load and enable them using the QGIS Resource Sharing plugin.

1. Add the QGIS Resource Sharing plugin (you may have to enable Show also experimental plugins in the Plugin Manager Settings)

2. Open it (Plugins –> Resource Sharing –> Resource Sharing)

3. Choose the Settings tab

4. Click Reload repositories

5. Choose the All tab

6. Select QGIS R script collection in the list and click on the Install button

7. The collection should now be listed in the Installed tab

8. Close the plugin

9. Open the Processing Toolbox, and if everything is OK, the example scripts will be present under R, in various groups (only some of the groups are expanded in the screenshot below).

   

   Abb. 22.33 The Processing Toolbox with some R scripts shown

   The scripts at the top are the example scripts from the Processing R Provider plugin.

10. If, for some reason, the scripts are not available in the Processing Toolbox, you can try to:

    1. Open the Processing settings (Settings ▶ Options ▶ Processing tab)

    2. Go to Providers ▶ R ▶ R scripts folder

       • On Ubuntu, set the path to (or, better, include in the path):

         /home/<user>/.local/share/QGIS/QGIS3/profiles/default/resource_sharing/repositories/github.com/qgis/QGIS-Resources/collections/rscripts

         

       • On Windows, set the path to (or, better, include in the path):

         C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\QGIS\QGIS3\profiles\default\resource_sharing\repositories\github.com\qgis\QGIS-Resources\collections\rscripts

       To edit, double-click. You can then choose to just paste / type the path, or you can navigate to the directory by using the … button and press the Add button in the dialog that opens. It is possible to provide several directories here. They will be separated by a semicolon („;“).

       

If you would like to get all the R scrips from the QGIS 2 on-line collection, you can select QGIS R script collection (from QGIS 2) instead of QGIS R script collection. You will probably find that scripts that depend on vector data input or output will not work.

22.9.5.2. Creating R scripts

You can write scripts and call R commands, as you would do from R. This section shows you the syntax for using R commands in QGIS, and how to use QGIS objects (layers, tables) in them.

To add an algorithm that calls an R function (or a more complex R script that you have developed and you would like to have available from QGIS), you have to create a script file that performs the R commands.

R script files have the extension .rsx, and creating them is pretty easy if you just have a basic knowledge of R syntax and R scripting. They should be stored in the R scripts folder. You can specify the folder (R scripts folder) in the R settings group in Processing settings dialog).

Let’s have a look at a very simple script file, which calls the R method spsample to create a random grid within the boundary of the polygons in a given polygon layer. This method belongs to the maptools package. Since almost all the algorithms that you might like to incorporate into QGIS will use or generate spatial data, knowledge of spatial packages like maptools and sp/sf, is very useful.

##Random points within layer extent=name
##Point pattern analysis=group
##Vector_layer=vector
##Number_of_points=number 10
##Output=output vector
library(sp)
spatpoly = as(Vector_layer, "Spatial")
pts=spsample(spatpoly,Number_of_points,type="random")
spdf=SpatialPointsDataFrame(pts, as.data.frame(pts))
Output=st_as_sf(spdf)

The first lines, which start with a double Python comment sign (##), define the display name and group of the script, and tell QGIS about its inputs and outputs.

Bemerkung

To find out more about how to write your own R scripts, have a look at the R Intro section in the training manual and consult the QGIS R Syntax section.

When you declare an input parameter, QGIS uses that information for two things: creating the user interface to ask the user for the value of that parameter, and creating a corresponding R variable that can be used as R function input.

In the above example, we have declared an input of type vector, named Vector_layer. When executing the algorithm, QGIS will open the layer selected by the user and store it in a variable named Vector_layer. So, the name of a parameter is the name of the variable that you use in R for accessing the value of that parameter (you should therefore avoid using reserved R words as parameter names).

Spatial parameters such as vector and raster layers are read using the st_read() (or readOGR) and brick() (or readGDAL) commands (you do not have to worry about adding those commands to your description file – QGIS will do it), and they are stored as sf (or Spatial*DataFrame) objects.

Table fields are stored as strings containing the name of the selected field.

Vector files can be read using the readOGR() command instead of st_read() by specifying ##load_vector_using_rgdal. This will produce a Spatial*DataFrame object instead of an sf object.

Raster files can be read using the readGDAL() command instead of brick() by specifying ##load_raster_using_rgdal.

If you are an advanced user and do not want QGIS to create the object for the layer, you can use ##pass_filenames to indicate that you prefer a string with the filename. In this case, it is up to you to open the file before performing any operation on the data it contains.

With the above information, it is possible to understand the first lines of the R script (the first line not starting with a Python comment character).

library(sp)
spatpoly = as(Vector_layer, "Spatial")
pts=spsample(polyg,numpoints,type="random")

The spsample function is provided by the sp library, so the first thing we do is to load that library. The variable Vector_layer contains an sf object. Since we are going to use a function (spsample) from the sp library, we must convert the sf object to a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object using the as function.

Then we call the spsample function with this object and the numpoints input parameter (which specifies the number of points to generate).

Since we have declared a vector output named Output, we have to create a variable named Output containing an sf object.

We do this in two steps. First we create a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object from the result of the function, using the SpatialPointsDataFrame function, and then we convert that object to an sf object using the st_as_sf function (of the sf library).

You can use whatever names you like for your intermediate variables. Just make sure that the variable storing your final result has the defined name (in this case Output), and that it contains a suitable value (an sf object for vector layer output).

In this case, the result obtained from the spsample method had to be converted explicitly into an sf object via a SpatialPointsDataFrame object, since it is itself an object of class ppp, which can not be returned to QGIS.

If your algorithm generates raster layers, the way they are saved will depend on whether or not you have used the ##dontuserasterpackage option. If you have used it, layers are saved using the writeGDAL() method. If not, the writeRaster() method from the raster package will be used.

If you have used the ##pass_filenames option, outputs are generated using the raster package (with writeRaster()).

If your algorithm does not generate a layer, but a text result in the console instead, you have to indicate that you want the console to be shown once the execution is finished. To do so, just start the command lines that produce the results you want to print with the > (‚greater than‘) sign. Only output from lines prefixed with > are shown. For instance, here is the description file of an algorithm that performs a normality test on a given field (column) of the attributes of a vector layer:

##layer=vector
##field=field layer
##nortest=group
library(nortest)
>lillie.test(layer[[field]])

Die Ausgabe der letzten Zeile wird gedruckt, die Ausgabe der ersten aber nicht (und auch nicht die Ausgaben von anderen Kommandozeilen, die automatisch von QGIS hinzugefügt werden).

If your algorithm creates any kind of graphics (using the plot() method), add the following line (output_plots_to_html used to be showplots):

##output_plots_to_html

Dies bewirkt, dass QGIS alle grafischen Ausgaben von R in eine temporäre Datei, die geöffnet wird nachdem die Ausführung von R beendet wurde, umleitet.

Both graphics and console results will be available through the processing results manager.

For more information, please check the R scripts in the official QGIS collection (you download and install them using the QGIS Resource Sharing plugin, as explained elsewhere). Most of them are rather simple and will greatly help you understand how to create your own scripts.

Bemerkung

The sf, rgdal and raster libraries are loaded by default, so you do not have to add the corresponding library() commands. However, other libraries that you might need have to be explicitly loaded by typing: library(ggplot2) (to load the ggplot2 library). If the package is not already installed on your machine, Processing will try to download and install it. In this way the package will also become available in R Standalone. Be aware that if the package has to be downloaded, the script may take a long time to run the first time.

22.9.6. R libraries

The R script sp_test tries to load the R packages sp and raster.

22.9.6.1. R libraries installed when running sf_test

The R script sf_test tries to load sf and raster. If these two packages are not installed, R may try to load and install them (and all the libraries that they depend on).

The following R libraries end up in ~/.local/share/QGIS/QGIS3/profiles/default/processing/rscripts after sf_test has been run from the Processing Toolbox on Ubuntu with version 2.0 of the Processing R Provider plugin and a fresh install of R 3.4.4 (apt package r-base-core only):

abind, askpass, assertthat, backports, base64enc, BH, bit, bit64, blob, brew, callr, classInt, cli, colorspace, covr, crayon, crosstalk, curl, DBI, deldir, desc, dichromat, digest, dplyr, e1071, ellipsis, evaluate, fansi, farver, fastmap, gdtools, ggplot2, glue, goftest, gridExtra, gtable, highr, hms, htmltools, htmlwidgets, httpuv, httr, jsonlite, knitr, labeling, later, lazyeval, leafem, leaflet, leaflet.providers, leafpop, leafsync, lifecycle, lwgeom, magrittr, maps, mapview, markdown, memoise, microbenchmark, mime, munsell, odbc, openssl, pillar, pkgbuild, pkgconfig, pkgload, plogr, plyr, png, polyclip, praise, prettyunits, processx, promises, ps, purrr, R6, raster, RColorBrewer, Rcpp, reshape2, rex, rgeos, rlang, rmarkdown, RPostgres, RPostgreSQL, rprojroot, RSQLite, rstudioapi, satellite, scales, sf, shiny, sourcetools, sp, spatstat, spatstat.data, spatstat.utils, stars, stringi, stringr, svglite, sys, systemfonts, tensor, testthat, tibble, tidyselect, tinytex, units, utf8, uuid, vctrs, viridis, viridisLite, webshot, withr, xfun, XML, xtable

22.9.7. GRASS

Configuring GRASS is not much different from configuring SAGA. First, the path to the GRASS folder has to be defined, but only if you are running Windows.

By default, the Processing framework tries to configure its GRASS connector to use the GRASS distribution that ships along with QGIS. This should work without problems for most systems, but if you experience problems, you might have to configure the GRASS connector manually. Also, if you want to use a different GRASS installation, you can change the setting to point to the folder where the other version is installed. GRASS 7 is needed for algorithms to work correctly.

If you are running Linux, you just have to make sure that GRASS is correctly installed, and that it can be run without problem from a terminal window.

GRASS Algorithmen verwenden eine Region für die Berechnungen. Diese Region kann manuell definiert werden unter Verwendung von Werten ähnlich denen, die in der SAGA Konfiguration stehen oder automatisch, wobei die minimale Ausdehnung aller Eingangslayer verwendet werden, wenn der Algorithmus ausgeführt wird. Wenn dies das Verhalten ist, das Sie bevorzugen, können Sie es über die Option Verwende min abdecken Region in den GRASS Konfigurationsparametern definieren.

22.9.8. LAStools

To use LAStools in QGIS, you need to download and install LAStools on your computer and install the LAStools plugin (available from the official repository) in QGIS.

On Linux platforms, you will need Wine to be able to run some of the tools.

LAStools is activated and configured in the Processing options (Settings ▶ Options, Processing tab, Providers ▶ LAStools), where you can specify the location of LAStools (LAStools folder) and Wine (Wine folder). On Ubuntu, the default Wine folder is /usr/bin.

22.9.9. OTB Applications

OTB (Orfeo ToolBox) ist eine Bildverarbeitungsbibliothek für Fernerkundungsdaten. Sie stellt auch Anwendungen zur Verfügung, die Bildverarbeitungsfunktionen bereitstellen. Die Liste der Anwendungen und ihre Dokumentation sind im OTB CookBook verfügbar.

Bemerkung

Note that OTB is not distributed with QGIS and needs to be installed separately. Binary packages for OTB can be found on the download page.

To configure QGIS processing to find the OTB library:

1. Open the processing settings: Settings ▶ Options ▶ Processing (left panel)*

2. You can see OTB under „Providers“:

   1. Expand the OTB tab

   2. Tick the Activate option

   3. Set the OTB folder. This is the location of your OTB installation.

   4. Set the OTB application folder. This is the location of your OTB applications ( <PATH_TO_OTB_INSTALLATION>/lib/otb/applications)

   5. Click „ok“ to save the settings and close the dialog.

If settings are correct, OTB algorithms will be available in the Processing Toolbox.

22.9.9.1. Documentation of OTB settings available in QGIS Processing

• Activate: This is a checkbox to activate or deactivate the OTB provider. An invalid OTB setting will uncheck this when saved.

• OTB folder: This is the directory where OTB is available.

• OTB application folder: This is the location(s) of OTB applications.

  Multiple paths are allowed.

• Logger level (optional): Level of logger to use by OTB applications.

  The level of logging controls the amount of detail printed during algorithm execution. Possible values for logger level are INFO, WARNING, CRITICAL, DEBUG. This value is INFO by default. This is an advanced user configuration.

• Maximum RAM to use (optional): by default, OTB applications use all available system RAM.

  You can, however, instruct OTB to use a specific amount of RAM (in MB) using this option. A value of 256 is ignored by the OTB processing provider. This is an advanced user configuration.

• Geoid file (optional): Path to the geoid file.

  This option sets the value of the elev.dem.geoid and elev.geoid parameters in OTB applications. Setting this value globally enables users to share it across multiple processing algorithms. Empty by default.

• SRTM tiles folder (optional): Directory where SRTM tiles are available.

  SRTM data can be stored locally to avoid downloading of files during processing. This option sets the value of elev.dem.path and elev.dem parameters in OTB applications. Setting this value globally enables users to share it across multiple processing algorithms. Empty by default.

22.9.9.2. Compatibility between QGIS and OTB versions

OTB compiled with GDAL 3.X is not compatible with QGIS 3.10. This is the case for the binary packages of OTB 7.1 and above. Therefore QGIS 3.10 is only compatible with OTB official binary packages 6.6.1 and 7.0.0.

22.9.9.3. Troubleshoot

If you have issues with OTB applications in QGIS Processing, please open an issue on the OTB bug tracker, using the qgis label.

Additional information about OTB and QGIS can be found here