16.1. Lesson: Configuração PostGIS¶

16.1.1. Instalando no Ubuntu¶

PostGIS é facilmente instalado a partir de apt.

$ sudo apt-get install postgis
$ sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.1-postgis

Realmente, não é assim tão fácil ...

To install the absolute latest version of PostGIS, you can use the following commands.

$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:sharpie/for-science
$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:sharpie/postgis-nightly
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.1-postgis-nightly

16.1.2. Instalando no Windows¶

Installing on Windows is a little more complicated, but still not hard. Note that you need to be online to install the postgis stack.

First Visit the download page.

Then follow this guide.

More information about installing on Windows can be found on the PostGIS website.

16.1.3. Instalando em outras plataformas¶

The PostGIS website has information about installing on other platforms including MacOSX and on other linux distributions

16.1.4. Configurando Bancos de Dados para usar PostGIS¶

Once PostGIS is installed, you will need to configure your database to use the extensions. If you have installed PostGIS version > 2.0, this is as simple as issuing the following command with psql using the address database from our previous exercise.

$ psql -d address -c "CREATE EXTENSION postgis;"

16.1.5. Olhando para as funções instaladas do PostGIS¶

PostGIS can be thought of as a collection of in-database functions that extend the core capabilities of PostgreSQL so that it can deal with spatial data. By ‘deal with’, we mean store, retrieve, query and manipulate. In order to do this, a number of functions are installed into the database.

Our PostgreSQL address database is now geospatially enabled, thanks to PostGIS. We are going to delve a lot deeper into this in the coming sections, but let’s give you a quick little taster. Let’s say we want to create a point from text. First we use the psql command to find functions relating to point. If you are not already connected to the address database, do so now. Then run:

\df *point*

This is the command we’re looking for: st_pointfromtext. To page through the list, use the down arrow, then press q to quit back to the psql shell.

Tente executar este comando:

select st_pointfromtext('POINT(1 1)');

Resultados:

st_pointfromtext
--------------------------------------------
0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F
(1 row)

Três coisas a serem observadas:

• We defined a point at position 1,1 (EPSG:4326 is assumed) using POINT(1 1),
• We ran an sql statement, but not on any table, just on data entered from the SQL prompt,
• The resulting row does not make much sense.

The resulting row is in the OGC format called ‘Well Known Binary’ (WKB). We will look at this format in detail in the next section.

To get the results back as text, we can do a quick scan through the function list for something that returns text:

\df *text

The query we’re looking for now is st_astext. Let’s combine it with the previous query:

select st_astext(st_pointfromtext('POINT(1 1)'));

Resultados:

 st_astext
------------
  POINT(1 1)
  (1 row)

Here, we entered the string POINT(1,1), turned it into a point using st_pointfromtext(), and turned it back into a human-readable form with st_astext(), which gave us back our original string.

One last example before we really get into the detail of using PostGIS:

select st_astext(st_buffer(st_pointfromtext('POINT(1 1)'),1.0));

What did that do? It created a buffer of 1 degree around our point, and returned the result as text.

16.1.6. Sistemas de referência espacial¶

In addition to the PostGIS functions, the extension contains a collection of spatial reference system (SRS) definitions as defined by the European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG). These are used during operations such as coordinate reference system (CRS) conversions.

We can inspect these SRS definitions in our database as they are stored in normal database tables.

First, let’s look at the schema of the table by entering the following command in the psql prompt:

\d spatial_ref_sys

O resultado deve ser esse:

Table "public.spatial_ref_sys"
   Column   |          Type           | Modifiers
 -----------+-------------------------+-----------
  srid      | integer                 | not null
  auth_name | character varying(256)  |
  auth_srid | integer                 |
  srtext    | character varying(2048) |
  proj4text | character varying(2048) |
  Indexes:
"spatial_ref_sys_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (srid)

You can use standard SQL queries (as we have learned from our introductory sections), to view and manipulate this table - though its not a good idea to update or delete any records unless you know what you are doing.

One SRID you may be interested in is EPSG:4326 - the geographic / lat lon reference system using the WGS 84 ellipsoid. Let’s take a look at it:

select * from spatial_ref_sys where srid=4326;

Resultados:

srid      | 4326
auth_name | EPSG
auth_srid | 4326
srtext    | GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS
84",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],TOWGS84[0,
0,0,0,0,0,0],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]
proj4text | +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs

The srtext is the projection definition in well known text (you may recognise this from .prj files in your shapefile collection).

16.1.7. In Conclusion¶

You now have PostGIS functions installed in your copy of PostgreSQL. With this you’ll be able to make use of PostGIS’ extensive spatial functions.

16.1.8. What’s Next?¶

Em seguida, você vai aprender como características espaciais são representados em um banco de dados.