17.14. Primer ejemplo de análisis¶

Now that everything is configured and we can use external algorithms, we have a very powerful tool to perform spatial analysis. It is time to work out a larger exercise with some real–world data.

We will be using the well-known dataset that John Snow used in his groundbreaking work, and we will get some interesting results. The analysis of this dataset is pretty obvious and there is no need for sofisticated GIS techniques to end up with good results and conclusions, but it is a good way of showing how these spatial problems can be analyzed and solved by using different processing tools.

The dataset contains shapefiles with cholera deaths and pump locations, and an OSM rendered map in TIFF format. Open the corresponding QGIS project for this lesson.

The first thing to do is to calculting the Voronoi diagram (a.k.a. Thyessen polygons) of the pumps layer, to get the influence zone of each pump. The Voronoi Diagram algorithm can be used for that.

Bastante fácil, pero ya nos dará información interesante.

Claramente, muchos de los casos se encuentran dentro de uno de los polígonos

To get a more quantitative result, we can count the number of deaths in each polygon. Since each point represents a building where deaths occured, and the number of deaths is stored in an attribute, we cannot just count the points. We need a weighted count, so we will use the Count points in polygon (weighted) tool.

The new field will be called DEATHS, and we use the COUNT field as weighting field. The resulting table clearly reflects that the number of deaths in the polygon corresponding to the first pump is much larger than the other ones.

Another good way of visualizing the dependence of each point in the Cholera_deaths layer with a point in the Pumps layer is to draw a line to the closest one. This can be done with the Distance to closest hub tool, and using the configuration shown next.

El resultado se parece a esto:

Although the number of lines is larger in the case of the central pump, do not forget that this does not represent the number of deaths, but the number of locations where cholera cases were found. It is a representative parameter, but it is not considering that some locations might have more cases than other.

A density layer will also give us a very clear view of what is happening. We can create it with the Kernel density algorithm. Using the Cholera_deaths layer and its COUNT field as weight field, and with a radius of 100, we get something like this.

The resulting layer has the extent and cellsize of the streets raster layer.

Recuerde que, para conseguir la extensión de salida, no tiene que escribirla. Haga clic en el botón en el lado derecho y seleccione Uso capa/extensión del área del mapa.

Seleccione la capa de calles ráster y su extensión automáticamente se añadirá al campo de texto. Debe hacer lo mismo con el tamaño de celda, seleccionando el tamaño de celda de esa capa también.

La combinación con la capa de bombas, vemos que hay una bomba claramente en el punto de acceso donde se encuentra la máxima densidad de los casos de muerte.