15.7. Lesson: Calculating the Forest Parameters

Estimating the parameters of the forest is the goal of the forest inventory. Continuing the example from previous lesson, you will use the inventory information gathered in the field to calculate the forest parameters, for the whole forest first, and then for the stands you digitized before.

The goal for this lesson: Calculate forest parameters at general and stand level.

15.7.1. Follow Along: Adding the Inventory Results

The field teams visited the forest and with the help of the information you provided, gathered information about the forest at every sample plot.

Most often the information will be collected into paper forms in the field, then typed to a spreadsheet. The sample plots information has been condensed into a .csv file that can be easily open in QGIS.

Continue with the QGIS project from the lesson about designing the inventory, you probably named it forest_inventory.qgs.

First, add the sample plots measurements to your QGIS project:

1. Go to Layer ‣ Add Delimited Text Layer….

2. Browse to the file systematic_inventory_results.csv located in exercise_data/forestry/results/.

3. Garanta que a opção Coordenadas de Pontos está activada .

4. Set the fields for the coordinates to the X and Y fields.

5. Clique OK.

6. When prompted, select ETRS89 / ETRS-TM35FIN as the CRS.

7. Abra a nova Tabela de atributos da camada e dê uma vista de olhos nos dados.

You can read the type of data that is contained in the sample plots measurements in the text file legend_2012_inventorydata.txt located in the exercise_data/forestry/results/ folder.

The systematic_inventory_results layer you just added is actually just a virtual representation of the text information in the .csv file. Before you continue, convert the inventory results to a real spatial dataset:

1. Right click on the systematic_inventory_results layer.

2. Browse to exercise_data/forestry/results/ folder.

3. Name the file sample_plots_results.shp.

4. Active a opção Adicionar ficheiro guardado ao mapa.

5. Remove the systematic_inventory_results layer from your project.

15.7.2. Follow Along: Whole Forest Parameters Estimation

You can calculate the averages for this whole forest area from the inventory results for the some interesting parameters, like the volume and the number of stems per hectare. Since the systematic sample plots represent equal areas, you can directly calculate the averages of the volumes and number of stems per hectare from the sample_plots_results layer.

You can calculate the average of a field in a vector layer using the Basic statistics tool:

1. Open Vector ‣ Analysis Tools ‣ Basic statistics for Fields.

2. Select sample_plots_results as the Input Vector Layer.

3. Select Vol as Target field.

4. Clique OK.

The average volume in the forest is 135.2 m3/ha.

You can calculate the average for the number of stems in the same way, 2745 stems/ha.

15.7.3. Follow Along: Estimating Stand Parameters

You can make use of those same systematic sample plots to calculate estimates for the different forest stands you digitized previously. Some of the forest stands did not get any sample plot and for those you will not get information. You could have planned some extra sample plots when you planned the systematic inventory, so that the field teams would have measured a few extra sample plots for this purpose. Or you could send a field team later to get estimates of the missing forest stands to complete the stand inventory. Nevertheless, you will get information for a good number of stands just using the planned plots.

What you need is to get the averages of the sample plots that are falling within each of the forest stands. When you want to combine information based on their relative locations, you perform a spatial join:

1. Open the Vector ‣ Data Management ‣ Join attributes by location tool.

2. Set forest_stands_2012 as the Target vector layer. The layer you want the results for.

3. Set sample_plots_results as the Join vector layer. The layer you want to calculate estimates from.

4. Check Take summary of intersecting features.

5. Active apenas a opção para calcular a Média.

6. Name the result as forest_stands_2012_results.shp and save it in the exercise_data/forestry/results/ folder.

7. Finalmente seleccione Manter todos os registos…, para que possa verificar mais tarde os povoamentos que não tinham informação.

8. Clique OK.

9. Aceite adicionando a nova camada ao seu projecto assim que solicitado.

10. Feche a ferramenta Juntar atributos por localização .

Open the Attribute table for forest_stands_2012_results and review the results you got. Note that a number of forest stands have NULL as the value for the calculations, those are the ones having no sample plots. Select them all and view them in the map, they are some of the smaller stands:

Lets calculate now the same averages for the whole forest as you did before, only this time you will use the averages you got for the stands as the bases for the calculation. Remember that in the previous situation, each sample plot represented a theoretical stand of 80x80 m. Now you have to consider the area of each of the stands individually instead. That way, again, the average values of the parameters that are in, for example, m3/ha for the volumes are converted to total volumes for the stands.

You need to first calculate the areas for the stands and then calculate total volumes and stem numbers for each of them:

1. Na Tabela de atributos active a edição.

2. Abra a Calculadora de campos.

3. Create a new field called area.

4. Set the Output field type to Decimal number (real).

5. Set the Precision to 2.

6. In the Expression box, write $area / 10000. This will calculate the area of the forest stands in ha.

7. Clique OK.

Agora calcule o campo com o volume total e o números de árvores para cada povoamento:

1. Name the fields s_vol and s_stem.

2. Os campos podem ser números inteiros mas pode usar igualmente os números reais.

3. Use the expressions "area"  *  "MEANVol" and "area"  *  "MEANStems" for total volumes and total stems respectively.

4. Guarde as edições quando terminar.

5. Desactive a edição.

Na situação anterior, as áreas representadas por cada parcela de amostra eram as mesmas, portanto, era suficiente para calcular a média das parcelas de amostra. Agora, para calcular as estimativas, precisa de dividir a soma dos volumes dos povoamentos ou o número de árvores pela soma das áreas dos povoamentos que contêm informações.

1. In the Attribute table for the forest_stands_2012_results layer, select all the stands containing information.

2. Open Vector ‣ Analysis Tools ‣ Basic statistics for fields.

3. Select the forest_stands_2012_results as the Input layer.

4. Select area as Field to calculate statistics on.

5. Check the Selected features only

6. Clique OK.

As you can see, the total sum of the stands” areas is 66.04 ha. Note that the area of the missing forest stands is only about 7 ha.

In the same way, you can calculate that the total volume for these stands is 8908 m3/ha and the total number of stems is 179594 stems.

Usando a informação dos povoamentos florestais, em vez de usar directamente das parcelas de amostragem iremos ter as seguintes médias estimadas:

• 184.9 m3/ha and

• 2719 stems/ha.

Save your QGIS project, forest_inventory.qgs.

15.7.4. In Conclusion

You managed to calculate forest estimates for the whole forest using the information from your systematic sample plots, first without considering the forest characteristics and also using the interpretation of the aerial image into forest stands. And you also got some valuable information about the particular stands, which could be used to plan the management of the forest in the coming years.

15.7.5. What’s Next?

Na lição seguinte, irá primeiro criar um fundo com um mapa de sombras a partir de um conjunto de dados LiDAR que irá usar para preparar a apresentação do mapa com os resultados da floresta que acabou de calcular.