.. only:: html |LS| Symbology =============================================================================== The symbology of a layer is its visual appearance on the map. The basic strength of GIS over other ways of representing data with spatial aspects is that with GIS, you have a dynamic visual representation of the data you're working with. Therefore, the visual appearance of the map (which depends on the symbology of the individual layers) is very important. The end user of the maps you produce will need to be able to easily see what the map represents. Equally as important, you need to be able to explore the data as you're working with it, and good symbology helps a lot. In other words, having proper symbology is not a luxury or just nice to have. In fact, it's essential for you to use a GIS properly and produce maps and information that people will be able to use. **The goal for this lesson:** To be able to create any symbology you want for any vector layer. |basic| |FA| Changing Colors ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To change a layer's symbology, open its :guilabel:`Layer Properties`. Let's begin by changing the color of the :guilabel:`landuse` layer. #. Right-click on the :guilabel:`landuse` layer in the layers list. #. Select the menu item :guilabel:`Properties...` in the menu that appears. .. note:: By default, you can also access a layer's properties by double-clicking on the layer in the Layers list. .. tip:: The |symbology| button at the top of the :guilabel:`Layers` panel will open the :guilabel:`Layer Styling` panel. You can use this panel to change some properties of the layer: by default, changes will be applied immediately! #. In the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` window, select the |symbology| :guilabel:`Symbology` tab: .. image:: img/layer_properties_style.png :align: center #. Click the color select button next to the :guilabel:`Color` label. A standard color dialog will appear. #. Choose a gray color and click :guilabel:`OK`. #. Click :guilabel:`OK` again in the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` window, and you will see the color change being applied to the layer. .. _backlink-symbology-colors-1: |basic| |TY| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Change the color of the :guilabel:`water` layer to light blue. Try to use the :guilabel:`Layer Styling` panel instead of the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` menu. :ref:`Check your results ` |basic| |FA| Changing Symbol Structure ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is good stuff so far, but there's more to a layer's symbology than just its color. Next we want to eliminate the lines between the different land use areas so as to make the map less visually cluttered. #. Open the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` window for the :guilabel:`landuse` layer. Under the |symbology| :guilabel:`Symbology` tab, you will see the same kind of dialog as before. This time, however, you're doing more than just quickly changing the color. #. In the symbol layers tree, expand the :guilabel:`Fill` dropdown and select the :guilabel:`Simple fill` option. #. Click on the :guilabel:`Stroke style` dropdown. At the moment, it should be showing a short line and the words :guilabel:`Solid Line`. #. Change this to :guilabel:`No Pen`. .. image:: img/simple_fill_selected.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`OK`. Now the :guilabel:`landuse` layer won't have any lines between areas. .. _backlink-symbology-structure-1: |basic| |TY| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Change the :guilabel:`water` layer's symbology again so that it has a darker blue outline. * Change the :guilabel:`rivers` layer's symbology to a sensible representation of waterways. Remember: you can use the |symbology| :sup:`Open the Layer Styling panel` button and see all the changes instantly. That panel also allows you to undo individual changes while symbolizing a layer. :ref:`Check your results ` |moderate| |FA| Scale-Based Visibility ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sometimes you will find that a layer is not suitable for a given scale. For example, a dataset of all the continents may have low detail, and not be very accurate at street level. When that happens, you want to be able to hide the dataset at inappropriate scales. In our case, we may decide to hide the buildings from view at small scales. This map, for example... .. image:: img/buildings_small_scale.png :align: center ... is not very useful. The buildings are hard to distinguish at that scale. To enable scale-based rendering: #. Open the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` dialog for the :guilabel:`buildings` layer. #. Activate the |rendering| :guilabel:`Rendering` tab. #. Enable scale-based rendering by clicking on the checkbox labeled :guilabel:`Scale dependent visibility`: #. Change the :guilabel:`Minimum` value to ``1:10000``. .. image:: img/scale_dependent_visibility.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`OK`. Test the effects of this by zooming in and out in your map, noting when the :guilabel:`buildings` layer disappears and reappears. .. note:: You can use your mouse wheel to zoom in increments. Alternatively, use the zoom tools to zoom to a window: |zoomIn| |zoomOut| |moderate| |FA| Adding Symbol Layers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now that you know how to change simple symbology for layers, the next step is to create more complex symbology. QGIS allows you to do this using symbol layers. #. Go back to the :guilabel:`landuse` layer's symbol properties panel (by clicking :guilabel:`Simple fill` in the symbol layers tree). In this example, the current symbol has no outline (i.e., it uses the :guilabel:`No Pen` border style). .. image:: img/add_symbol_layer_button.png :align: center #. Select the :guilabel:`Fill` level in the tree and click the |signPlus| :sup:`Add symbol layer` button. The dialog will change to look something like this, with a new symbol layer added: .. image:: img/new_symbol_layer.png :align: center It may appear somewhat different in color, for example, but you're going to change that anyway. Now there's a second symbol layer. Being a solid color, it will of course completely hide the previous kind of symbol. Plus, it has a :guilabel:`Solid Line` border style, which we don't want. Clearly this symbol has to be changed. .. note:: It's important not to get confused between a map layer and a symbol layer. A map layer is a vector (or raster) that has been loaded into the map. A symbol layer is part of the symbol used to represent a map layer. This course will usually refer to a map layer as just a layer, but a symbol layer will always be called a symbol layer, to prevent confusion. With the new :guilabel:`Simple Fill` symbol layer selected: #. Set the border style to :guilabel:`No Pen`, as before. #. Change the fill style to something other than :guilabel:`Solid` or :guilabel:`No brush`. For example: .. image:: img/new_fill_settings.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`OK`. Now you can see your results and tweak them as needed. You can even add multiple extra symbol layers and create a kind of texture for your layer that way. .. image:: img/multiple_symbol_layers.png :align: center | It's fun! But it probably has too many colors to use in a real map... .. _backlink-symbology-layers-1: |moderate| |TY| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Remembering to zoom in if necessary, create a simple, but not distracting texture for the :guilabel:`buildings` layer using the methods above. :ref:`Check your results ` |moderate| |FA| Ordering Symbol Levels ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- When symbol layers are rendered, they are also rendered in a sequence, similar to the way the different map layers are rendered. This means that in some cases, having many symbol layers in one symbol can cause unexpected results. #. Give the :guilabel:`roads` layer an extra symbol layer (using the method for adding symbol layers demonstrated above). #. Give the base line a :guilabel:`Stroke width` of ``1.5`` and a black color. #. Give the new, uppermost layer a thickness of ``0.8`` and a white color. You'll notice that this happens: .. image:: img/bad_roads_symbology.png :align: center | Well, roads have now a *street* like symbology, but you see that lines are overlapping each others at each cross. That's not what we want at all! To prevent this from happening, you can sort the symbol levels and thereby control the order in which the different symbol layers are rendered. To change the order of the symbol layers: #. Select the topmost :guilabel:`Line` layer in the symbol layers tree. #. Click :menuselection:`Advanced --> Symbol levels...` in the bottom right-hand corner of the window. .. image:: img/symbol_levels_main_dialog.png :align: center This will open a dialog like this: .. image:: img/symbol_levels_dialog.png :align: center #. Check |checkbox| :guilabel:`Enable symbol levels`. You can then set the layer order of each symbol by entering the corresponding level number. 0 is the bottom layer. In our case, we just want to activate the option, like this: .. image:: img/correct_symbol_layers.png :align: center This will render the white line above the thick black line borders: #. Click :guilabel:`OK` twice to return to the map. The map will now look like this: .. image:: img/better_roads_symbology.png :align: center | When you're done, remember to save the symbol itself so as not to lose your work if you change the symbol again in the future. You can save your current symbol style by clicking the :guilabel:`Save Style...` button at the bottom of the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` dialog. We will be using the :guilabel:`QGIS QML Style File` format. .. TODO: imho there's a mix of saving symbols and saving styles here that could be misleading. Saving style should deserve its own section. Save your style in the :file:`solution/styles/better_roads.qml` folder. You can load a previously saved style at any time by clicking the :guilabel:`Load Style...` button. Before you change a style, keep in mind that any unsaved style you are replacing will be lost. .. _backlink-symbology-levels-1: |moderate| |TY| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Change the appearance of the :guilabel:`roads` layer again. Make the roads narrow and yellow, with a thin, pale gray outline and a thin black line in the middle. Remember that you may need to change the layer rendering order via the :menuselection:`Advanced --> Symbol levels...` dialog. .. image:: img/target_road_symbology.png :align: center :ref:`Check your results ` .. _backlink-symbology-levels-2: |hard| |TY| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Symbol levels also work for classified layers (i.e., layers having multiple symbols). Since we haven't covered classification yet, you will work with some rudimentary pre-classified data. #. Create a new map and add only the :guilabel:`roads` dataset. #. Load the style file :file:`advanced_levels_demo.qml` provided in :file:`exercise_data/styles`. #. Zoom in to the |majorUrbanName| area. #. Using symbol layers, ensure that the outlines of layers flow into one another as per the image below: .. image:: img/correct_advanced_levels.png :align: center | :ref:`Check your results ` |moderate| |FA| Symbol layer types ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In addition to setting fill colors and using predefined patterns, you can use different symbol layer types entirely. The only type we've been using up to now was the :guilabel:`Simple Fill` type. The more advanced symbol layer types allow you to customize your symbols even further. Each type of vector (point, line and polygon) has its own set of symbol layer types. First we will look at the types available for points. Point Symbol Layer Types ............................................................................... #. Uncheck all the layers except for :guilabel:`places`. #. Change the symbol properties for the :guilabel:`places` layer: .. image:: img/places_layer_properties.png :align: center #. You can access the various symbol layer types by selecting the :guilabel:`Simple marker` layer in the symbol layers tree, then click the :guilabel:`Symbol layer type` dropdown: .. image:: img/marker_type_dropdown.png :align: center #. Investigate the various options available to you, and choose a symbol with styling you think is appropriate. #. If in doubt, use a round :guilabel:`Simple marker` with a white border and pale green fill, with a :guilabel:`Size` of ``3.00`` and a :guilabel:`Stroke width` of ``0.5``. Line Symbol Layer Types ............................................................................... To see the various options available for line data: #. Change the :guilabel:`Symbol layer type` for the :guilabel:`roads` layer's topmost symbol layer to :guilabel:`Marker line`: .. image:: img/change_to_marker_line.png :align: center #. Select the :guilabel:`Simple marker` layer in the symbol layers tree. Change the symbol properties to match this dialog: .. image:: img/simple_marker_line_properties.png :align: center | #. Select the :guilabel:`Marker line` layer and change the interval to ``1.00``: .. image:: img/marker_line_interval.png :align: center #. Ensure that the symbol levels are correct (via the :menuselection:`Advanced --> Symbol levels` dialog we used earlier) before applying the style. Once you have applied the style, take a look at its results on the map. As you can see, these symbols change direction along with the road but don't always bend along with it. This is useful for some purposes, but not for others. If you prefer, you can change the symbol layer in question back to the way it was before. Polygon Symbol Layer Types ............................................................................... To see the various options available for polygon data: #. Change the :guilabel:`Symbol layer type` for the :guilabel:`water` layer, as before for the other layers. #. Investigate what the different options on the list can do. #. Choose one of them that you find suitable. #. If in doubt, use the :guilabel:`Point pattern fill` with the following options: .. image:: img/pattern_fill_size.png :align: center .. image:: img/pattern_fill_distances.png :align: center #. Add a new symbol layer with a normal :guilabel:`Simple fill`. #. Make it the same light blue with a darker blue border. #. Move it underneath the point pattern symbol layer with the :guilabel:`Move down` button: .. image:: img/simple_fill_move_down.png :align: center As a result, you have a textured symbol for the water layer, with the added benefit that you can change the size, shape and distance of the individual dots that make up the texture. .. _backlink-symbology-marker-line: |moderate| |TY| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Apply a green transparent fill color to the :guilabel:`protected_areas` layer, and change the outline to look like this: .. image:: img/marker_line_preview.png :align: center | :ref:`Check your results ` |hard| |FA| Geometry generator symbology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- You can use the Geometry generator symbology with all layer types (points, lines and polygons). The resulting symbol depends directly on the layer type. Very briefly, the Geometry generator symbology allows you to run some spatial operations within the symbology itself. For example you can run a real centroid spatial operation on a polygon layer without creating a point layer. Moreover, you have all the styling options to change the appearance of the resulting symbol. Let's give it a try! #. Select the :guilabel:`water` layer. #. Click on :guilabel:`Simple fill` and change the :guilabel:`Symbol layer type` to :guilabel:`Geometry generator`. .. image:: img/geometry_generator.png :align: center #. Before to start writing the spatial query we have to choose the Geometry Type in output. In this example we are going to create centroids for each feature, so change the Geometry Type to :guilabel:`Point / Multipoint`. #. Now let's write the query in the query panel:: centroid($geometry) .. image:: img/geometry_generator_query.png :align: center #. When you click on :guilabel:`OK` you will see that the :guilabel:`water` layer is rendered as a point layer! We have just run a spatial operation within the layer symbology itself, isn't that amazing? .. image:: img/geometry_generator_result.png :align: center With the Geometry generator symbology you can really go over the edge of *normal* symbology. .. _backlink-symbology-geom_generator: |hard| |TY| ............................................................................... Geometry generator are just another symbol level. Try to add another :guilabel:`Simple fill` underneath the :guilabel:`Geometry generator` one. Change also the appearance of the Simple marker of the Geometry generator symbology. The final result should look like this: .. image:: img/geometry_generator_preview.png :align: center :ref:`Check your results ` |hard| |FA| Creating a Custom SVG Fill ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. note:: To do this exercise, you will need to have the free vector editing software `Inkscape `_ installed. #. Start the Inkscape program. You will see the following interface: .. image:: img/inkscape_default.png :align: center You should find this familiar if you have used other vector image editing programs, like Corel. First, we'll change the canvas to a size appropriate for a small texture. #. Click on the menu item :menuselection:`File --> Document Properties`. This will give you the :guilabel:`Document Properties` dialog. #. Change the :guilabel:`Units` to :guilabel:`px`. #. Change the :guilabel:`Width` and :guilabel:`Height` to ``100``. #. Close the dialog when you are done. #. Click on the menu item :menuselection:`View --> Zoom --> Page` to see the page you are working with. #. Select the :guilabel:`Circle` tool: .. image:: img/inkscape_circle_tool.png :align: center #. Click and drag on the page to draw an ellipse. To make the ellipse turn into a circle, hold the :kbd:`Ctrl` button while you're drawing it. #. Right-click on the circle you just created and open its :guilabel:`Fill and Stroke` options. You can modify its rendering, such as: #. Change the :guilabel:`Fill` color to a somehow pale grey-blue, #. Assign to the border a darker color in :guilabel:`Stroke paint` tab, #. And reduce the border thickness under :guilabel:`Stroke style` tab. .. image:: img/inkscape_stroke_fill.png :align: center #. Draw a line using the :guilabel:`Pencil` tool: #. Click once to start the line. Hold :kbd:`Ctrl` to make it snap to increments of 15 degrees. #. Move the pointer horizontally and place a point with a simple click. #. Click and snap to the vertex of the line and trace a vertical line, ended by a simple click. #. Now join the two end vertices. #. Change the color and width of the triangle symbol to match the circle's stroke and move it around as necessary, so that you end up with a symbol like this one: .. image:: img/inkscape_final_symbol.png :align: center #. If the symbol you get satisfies you, then save it as :guilabel:`landuse_symbol` under the directory that the course is in, under :file:`exercise_data/symbols`, as SVG file. In QGIS: #. Open the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` for the :file:`landuse` layer. #. In the |symbology| :guilabel:`Symbology` tab, change the symbol structure by changing the :guilabel:`Symbol Layer Type` to :guilabel:`SVG Fill```` shown below. #. Click the :guilabel:`...` button and then :guilabel:`Select File...` to select your SVG image. It's added to the symbol tree and you can now customize its different characteristics (colors, angle, effects, units...). .. image:: img/svg_symbol_settings.png :align: center Once you validate the dialog, features in :guilabel:`landuse` layer should now be covered by a set of symbols, showing a texture like the one on the following map. If textures are not visible, you may need to zoom in the map canvas or set in the layer properties a bigger :guilabel:`Texture width`. .. image:: img/svg_symbol_result.png :align: center |IC| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changing the symbology for the different layers has transformed a collection of vector files into a legible map. Not only can you see what's happening, it's even nice to look at! |FR| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- `Examples of Beautiful Maps `_ |WN| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changing symbols for whole layers is useful, but the information contained within each layer is not yet available to someone reading these maps. What are the streets called? Which administrative regions do certain areas belong to? What are the relative surface areas of the farms? All of this information is still hidden. The next lesson will explain how to represent this data on your map. .. note:: Did you remember to save your map recently? .. Substitutions definitions - AVOID EDITING PAST THIS LINE This will be automatically updated by the find_set_subst.py script. If you need to create a new substitution manually, please add it also to the substitutions.txt file in the source folder. .. |FA| replace:: Follow Along: .. |FR| replace:: Further Reading .. |IC| replace:: In Conclusion .. |LS| replace:: Lesson: .. |TY| replace:: Try Yourself .. |WN| replace:: What's Next? .. |basic| image:: /static/global/basic.png .. |checkbox| image:: /static/common/checkbox.png :width: 1.3em .. |hard| image:: /static/global/hard.png .. |majorUrbanName| replace:: Swellendam .. |moderate| image:: /static/global/moderate.png .. |rendering| image:: /static/common/rendering.png :width: 1.5em .. |signPlus| image:: /static/common/symbologyAdd.png :width: 1.5em .. |symbology| image:: /static/common/symbology.png :width: 2em .. |zoomIn| image:: /static/common/mActionZoomIn.png :width: 1.5em .. |zoomOut| image:: /static/common/mActionZoomOut.png :width: 1.5em