The code snippets on this page need the following imports if you’re outside the pyqgis console:

from qgis.core import (
  QgsVectorLayer,
  QgsPointXY,
)

18. Libreria per l’analisi di reti

The network analysis library can be used to:

  • create mathematical graph from geographical data (polyline vector layers)

  • implement basic methods from graph theory (currently only Dijkstra’s algorithm)

The network analysis library was created by exporting basic functions from the RoadGraph core plugin and now you can use it’s methods in plugins or directly from the Python console.

18.1. Informazioni generali

Briefly, a typical use case can be described as:

  1. create graph from geodata (usually polyline vector layer)

  2. run graph analysis

  3. use analysis results (for example, visualize them)

18.2. Building a graph

The first thing you need to do — is to prepare input data, that is to convert a vector layer into a graph. All further actions will use this graph, not the layer.

As a source we can use any polyline vector layer. Nodes of the polylines become graph vertexes, and segments of the polylines are graph edges. If several nodes have the same coordinates then they are the same graph vertex. So two lines that have a common node become connected to each other.

Additionally, during graph creation it is possible to «fix» («tie») to the input vector layer any number of additional points. For each additional point a match will be found — the closest graph vertex or closest graph edge. In the latter case the edge will be split and a new vertex added.

Vector layer attributes and length of an edge can be used as the properties of an edge.

Converting from a vector layer to the graph is done using the Builder programming pattern. A graph is constructed using a so-called Director. There is only one Director for now: QgsVectorLayerDirector. The director sets the basic settings that will be used to construct a graph from a line vector layer, used by the builder to create the graph. Currently, as in the case with the director, only one builder exists: QgsGraphBuilder, that creates QgsGraph objects. You may want to implement your own builders that will build a graphs compatible with such libraries as BGL or NetworkX.

To calculate edge properties the programming pattern strategy is used. For now only QgsNetworkDistanceStrategy strategy (that takes into account the length of the route) and QgsNetworkSpeedStrategy (that also considers the speed) are availabile. You can implement your own strategy that will use all necessary parameters. For example, RoadGraph plugin uses a strategy that computes travel time using edge length and speed value from attributes.

It’s time to dive into the process.

First of all, to use this library we should import the analysis module

from qgis.analysis import *

Then some examples for creating a director

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# don't use information about road direction from layer attributes,
# all roads are treated as two-way
director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, -1, '', '', '', QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth)

# use field with index 5 as source of information about road direction.
# one-way roads with direct direction have attribute value "yes",
# one-way roads with reverse direction have the value "1", and accordingly
# bidirectional roads have "no". By default roads are treated as two-way.
# This scheme can be used with OpenStreetMap data
director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, 5, 'yes', '1', 'no', QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth)

To construct a director we should pass a vector layer, that will be used as the source for the graph structure and information about allowed movement on each road segment (one-way or bidirectional movement, direct or reverse direction). The call looks like this

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director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer,
                                      directionFieldId,
                                      directDirectionValue,
                                      reverseDirectionValue,
                                      bothDirectionValue,
                                      defaultDirection)

And here is full list of what these parameters mean:

  • vectorLayer — vector layer used to build the graph

  • directionFieldId — index of the attribute table field, where information about roads direction is stored. If -1, then don’t use this info at all. An integer.

  • directDirectionValue — field value for roads with direct direction (moving from first line point to last one). A string.

  • reverseDirectionValue — field value for roads with reverse direction (moving from last line point to first one). A string.

  • bothDirectionValue — field value for bidirectional roads (for such roads we can move from first point to last and from last to first). A string.

  • defaultDirection — default road direction. This value will be used for those roads where field directionFieldId is not set or has some value different from any of the three values specified above. Possible values are:

    • QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionForward — One-way direct

    • QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBackward — One-way reverse

    • QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth — Two-way

It is necessary then to create a strategy for calculating edge properties

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# The index of the field that contains information about the edge speed
attributeId = 1
# Default speed value
defaultValue = 50
# Conversion from speed to metric units ('1' means no conversion)
toMetricFactor = 1
strategy = QgsNetworkSpeedStrategy(attributeId, defaultValue, toMetricFactor)

And tell the director about this strategy

director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, -1, '', '', '', 3)
director.addStrategy(strategy)

Now we can use the builder, which will create the graph. The QgsGraphBuilder class constructor takes several arguments:

  • crs — coordinate reference system to use. Mandatory argument.

  • otfEnabled — use «on the fly» reprojection or no. By default const:True (use OTF).

  • topologyTolerance — topological tolerance. Default value is 0.

  • ellipsoidID — ellipsoid to use. By default «WGS84».

# only CRS is set, all other values are defaults
builder = QgsGraphBuilder(vectorLayer.crs())

Also we can define several points, which will be used in the analysis. For example

startPoint = QgsPointXY(1179720.1871, 5419067.3507)
endPoint = QgsPointXY(1180616.0205, 5419745.7839)

Now all is in place so we can build the graph and «tie» these points to it

tiedPoints = director.makeGraph(builder, [startPoint, endPoint])

Building the graph can take some time (which depends on the number of features in a layer and layer size). tiedPoints is a list with coordinates of «tied» points. When the build operation is finished we can get the graph and use it for the analysis

graph = builder.graph()

With the next code we can get the vertex indexes of our points

startId = graph.findVertex(tiedPoints[0])
endId = graph.findVertex(tiedPoints[1])

18.3. Graph analysis

Networks analysis is used to find answers to two questions: which vertexes are connected and how to find a shortest path. To solve these problems the network analysis library provides Dijkstra’s algorithm.

Dijkstra’s algorithm finds the shortest route from one of the vertexes of the graph to all the others and the values of the optimization parameters. The results can be represented as a shortest path tree.

The shortest path tree is a directed weighted graph (or more precisely a tree) with the following properties:

  • only one vertex has no incoming edges — the root of the tree

  • all other vertexes have only one incoming edge

  • if vertex B is reachable from vertex A, then the path from A to B is the single available path and it is optimal (shortest) on this graph

To get the shortest path tree use the methods shortestTree and dijkstra of the QgsGraphAnalyzer class. It is recommended to use the dijkstra method because it works faster and uses memory more efficiently.

The shortestTree method is useful when you want to walk around the shortest path tree. It always creates a new graph object (QgsGraph) and accepts three variables:

  • source — input graph

  • startVertexIdx — index of the point on the tree (the root of the tree)

  • criterionNum — number of edge property to use (started from 0).

tree = QgsGraphAnalyzer.shortestTree(graph, startId, 0)

The dijkstra method has the same arguments, but returns two arrays. In the first array element n contains index of the incoming edge or -1 if there are no incoming edges. In the second array element n contains the distance from the root of the tree to vertex n or DOUBLE_MAX if vertex n is unreachable from the root.

(tree, cost) = QgsGraphAnalyzer.dijkstra(graph, startId, 0)

Here is some very simple code to display the shortest path tree using the graph created with the shortestTree method (select linestring layer in Layers panel and replace coordinates with your own).

Avvertimento

Use this code only as an example, it creates a lot of QgsRubberBand objects and may be slow on large datasets.

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from qgis.core import *
from qgis.gui import *
from qgis.analysis import *
from qgis.PyQt.QtCore import *
from qgis.PyQt.QtGui import *

vectorLayer = QgsVectorLayer('testdata/network.gpkg|layername=network_lines', 'lines')
director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, -1, '', '', '', QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth)
strategy = QgsNetworkDistanceStrategy()
director.addStrategy(strategy)
builder = QgsGraphBuilder(vectorLayer.crs())

pStart = QgsPointXY(1179661.925139,5419188.074362)
tiedPoint = director.makeGraph(builder, [pStart])
pStart = tiedPoint[0]

graph = builder.graph()

idStart = graph.findVertex(pStart)

tree = QgsGraphAnalyzer.shortestTree(graph, idStart, 0)

i = 0
while (i < tree.edgeCount()):
  rb = QgsRubberBand(iface.mapCanvas())
  rb.setColor (Qt.red)
  rb.addPoint (tree.vertex(tree.edge(i).fromVertex()).point())
  rb.addPoint (tree.vertex(tree.edge(i).toVertex()).point())
  i = i + 1

Same thing but using the dijkstra method

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from qgis.core import *
from qgis.gui import *
from qgis.analysis import *
from qgis.PyQt.QtCore import *
from qgis.PyQt.QtGui import *

vectorLayer = QgsVectorLayer('testdata/network.gpkg|layername=network_lines', 'lines')

director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, -1, '', '', '', QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth)
strategy = QgsNetworkDistanceStrategy()
director.addStrategy(strategy)
builder = QgsGraphBuilder(vectorLayer.crs())

pStart = QgsPointXY(1179661.925139,5419188.074362)
tiedPoint = director.makeGraph(builder, [pStart])
pStart = tiedPoint[0]

graph = builder.graph()

idStart = graph.findVertex(pStart)

(tree, costs) = QgsGraphAnalyzer.dijkstra(graph, idStart, 0)

for edgeId in tree:
  if edgeId == -1:
    continue
  rb = QgsRubberBand(iface.mapCanvas())
  rb.setColor (Qt.red)
  rb.addPoint (graph.vertex(graph.edge(edgeId).fromVertex()).point())
  rb.addPoint (graph.vertex(graph.edge(edgeId).toVertex()).point())

18.3.1. Finding shortest paths

To find the optimal path between two points the following approach is used. Both points (start A and end B) are «tied» to the graph when it is built. Then using the shortestTree or dijkstra method we build the shortest path tree with root in the start point A. In the same tree we also find the end point B and start to walk through the tree from point B to point A. The whole algorithm can be written as:

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assign T = B
while T != B
    add point T to path
    get incoming edge for point T
    look for point TT, that is start point of this edge
    assign T = TT
add point A to path

At this point we have the path, in the form of the inverted list of vertexes (vertexes are listed in reversed order from end point to start point) that will be visited during traveling by this path.

Here is the sample code for QGIS Python Console (you may need to load and select a linestring layer in TOC and replace coordinates in the code with yours) that uses the shortestTree method

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from qgis.core import *
from qgis.gui import *
from qgis.analysis import *

from qgis.PyQt.QtCore import *
from qgis.PyQt.QtGui import *

vectorLayer = QgsVectorLayer('testdata/network.gpkg|layername=network_lines', 'lines')
builder = QgsGraphBuilder(vectorLayer.sourceCrs())
director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, -1, '', '', '', QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth)

startPoint = QgsPointXY(1179661.925139,5419188.074362)
endPoint = QgsPointXY(1180942.970617,5420040.097560)

tiedPoints = director.makeGraph(builder, [startPoint, endPoint])
tStart, tStop = tiedPoints

graph = builder.graph()
idxStart = graph.findVertex(tStart)

tree = QgsGraphAnalyzer.shortestTree(graph, idxStart, 0)

idxStart = tree.findVertex(tStart)
idxEnd = tree.findVertex(tStop)

if idxEnd == -1:
    raise Exception('No route!')

# Add last point
route = [tree.vertex(idxEnd).point()]

# Iterate the graph
while idxEnd != idxStart:
    edgeIds = tree.vertex(idxEnd).incomingEdges()
    if len(edgeIds) == 0:
        break
    edge = tree.edge(edgeIds[0])
    route.insert(0, tree.vertex(edge.fromVertex()).point())
    idxEnd = edge.fromVertex()

# Display
rb = QgsRubberBand(iface.mapCanvas())
rb.setColor(Qt.green)

# This may require coordinate transformation if project's CRS
# is different than layer's CRS
for p in route:
    rb.addPoint(p)

And here is the same sample but using the dijkstra method

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from qgis.core import *
from qgis.gui import *
from qgis.analysis import *

from qgis.PyQt.QtCore import *
from qgis.PyQt.QtGui import *

vectorLayer = QgsVectorLayer('testdata/network.gpkg|layername=network_lines', 'lines')
director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, -1, '', '', '', QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth)
strategy = QgsNetworkDistanceStrategy()
director.addStrategy(strategy)

builder = QgsGraphBuilder(vectorLayer.sourceCrs())

startPoint = QgsPointXY(1179661.925139,5419188.074362)
endPoint = QgsPointXY(1180942.970617,5420040.097560)

tiedPoints = director.makeGraph(builder, [startPoint, endPoint])
tStart, tStop = tiedPoints

graph = builder.graph()
idxStart = graph.findVertex(tStart)
idxEnd = graph.findVertex(tStop)

(tree, costs) = QgsGraphAnalyzer.dijkstra(graph, idxStart, 0)

if tree[idxEnd] == -1:
    raise Exception('No route!')

# Total cost
cost = costs[idxEnd]

# Add last point
route = [graph.vertex(idxEnd).point()]

# Iterate the graph
while idxEnd != idxStart:
    idxEnd = graph.edge(tree[idxEnd]).fromVertex()
    route.insert(0, graph.vertex(idxEnd).point())

# Display
rb = QgsRubberBand(iface.mapCanvas())
rb.setColor(Qt.red)

# This may require coordinate transformation if project's CRS
# is different than layer's CRS
for p in route:
    rb.addPoint(p)

18.3.2. Areas of availability

The area of availability for vertex A is the subset of graph vertexes that are accessible from vertex A and the cost of the paths from A to these vertexes are not greater that some value.

More clearly this can be shown with the following example: «There is a fire station. Which parts of city can a fire truck reach in 5 minutes? 10 minutes? 15 minutes?». Answers to these questions are fire station’s areas of availability.

To find the areas of availability we can use the dijkstra method of the QgsGraphAnalyzer class. It is enough to compare the elements of the cost array with a predefined value. If cost[i] is less than or equal to a predefined value, then vertex i is inside the area of availability, otherwise it is outside.

A more difficult problem is to get the borders of the area of availability. The bottom border is the set of vertexes that are still accessible, and the top border is the set of vertexes that are not accessible. In fact this is simple: it is the availability border based on the edges of the shortest path tree for which the source vertex of the edge is accessible and the target vertex of the edge is not.

Here is an example

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director = QgsVectorLayerDirector(vectorLayer, -1, '', '', '', QgsVectorLayerDirector.DirectionBoth)
strategy = QgsNetworkDistanceStrategy()
director.addStrategy(strategy)
builder = QgsGraphBuilder(vectorLayer.crs())


pStart = QgsPointXY(1179661.925139, 5419188.074362)
delta = iface.mapCanvas().getCoordinateTransform().mapUnitsPerPixel() * 1

rb = QgsRubberBand(iface.mapCanvas(), True)
rb.setColor(Qt.green)
rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(pStart.x() - delta, pStart.y() - delta))
rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(pStart.x() + delta, pStart.y() - delta))
rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(pStart.x() + delta, pStart.y() + delta))
rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(pStart.x() - delta, pStart.y() + delta))

tiedPoints = director.makeGraph(builder, [pStart])
graph = builder.graph()
tStart = tiedPoints[0]

idStart = graph.findVertex(tStart)

(tree, cost) = QgsGraphAnalyzer.dijkstra(graph, idStart, 0)

upperBound = []
r = 1500.0
i = 0
tree.reverse()

while i < len(cost):
    if cost[i] > r and tree[i] != -1:
        outVertexId = graph.edge(tree [i]).toVertex()
        if cost[outVertexId] < r:
            upperBound.append(i)
    i = i + 1

for i in upperBound:
    centerPoint = graph.vertex(i).point()
    rb = QgsRubberBand(iface.mapCanvas(), True)
    rb.setColor(Qt.red)
    rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(centerPoint.x() - delta, centerPoint.y() - delta))
    rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(centerPoint.x() + delta, centerPoint.y() - delta))
    rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(centerPoint.x() + delta, centerPoint.y() + delta))
    rb.addPoint(QgsPointXY(centerPoint.x() - delta, centerPoint.y() + delta))