14.3. Lesson: Vectorização de Povoamentos Florestais¶

14.3.1. Follow Along: Extracting the Forest Stands Borders¶

Open your map_digitizing.qgs project in QGIS, that you saved from the previous lesson.

Once you have scanned and georeferenced your map you could start to digitize directly by looking at the image as a guide. That would most likely be the way to go if the image you are going to digitize from is, for example, an aerial photograph.

If what you are using to digitize is a good map, as it is in our case, it is likely that the information is clearly displayed as lines with different colors for each type of element. Those colors can be relatively easy extracted as individual images using an image processing software like GIMP. Such separate images can be used to assist the digitizing, as you will see below.

The first step will be to use GIMP to obtain an image that contains only the forest stands, that is, all those greenish lines that you could see in the original scanned map:

• Open GIMP (if you don’t have it installed yet, download it from the internet or ask your teacher).
• Open the original map image, File ‣ Open, rautjarvi_map.tif in the exercise_data/forestry folder. Note that the forest stands are represented as green lines (with the number of the stand also in green inside each polygon).

Now you can select the pixels in the image that are making up the forest stands’ borders (the greenish pixels):

• Open the tool Select ‣ By color.
• With the tool active, zoom into the image (Ctrl + mouse wheel) so that a forest stand line is close enough to differentiate the pixels forming the line. See the left image below.
• Click and drag the mouse cursor in the middle of the line so that the tool will collect several pixel color values.
• Release the mouse click and wait a few seconds. The pixels matching the colors collected by the tool will be selected through the whole image.

• Reduza o zoom para ver como os pixeis esverdeados foram seleccionadas em toda a imagem.

• Se você não está feliz com o resultado, repita o clique e operação de arrastar.

• O pixel que seleccionou deve ser algo como a imagem mostra abaixo.

Se não está feliz com o resultado, repita o clique e operação de arrastar.

• Copy (Ctr+C) the selected pixels.
• And paste the pixels directly (Ctr+V), GIMP will display the pasted pixels as a new temporary layer in the Layers - Brushes panel as a Floating Selection (Pasted Layer).
• Right click that temporary layer and select To New Layer.
• Click the “eye” icon next to the original image layer to switch it off, so that only the Pasted Layer is visible:

• Finally, select File ‣ Export..., set Select File Type (By Extension) as a TIFF image, select the digitizing folder and name it rautjarvi_map_green.tif. Select no compression when asked.

You could do the same process with other elements in the image, for example extracting the black lines that represent roads or the brown ones that represent the terrain’ contour lines. But for us, the forest stands is enough.

14.3.2. Try Yourself Georeference the Green Pixels Image¶

As you did in the previous lesson, you need to georeference this new image to be able to use it with the rest of your data.

Note that you don’t need to digitize the ground control points any more because this image is basically the same image as the original map image, as far as the Georeferencer tool is concerned. Here are some things you should remember:

• This image is also, of course, in KKJ / Finland zone 2 CRS.
• You should use the ground control points you saved, File ‣ Load GCP points.
• Remember to review the Transformation settings.
• Name the output raster as rautjarvi_green_georef.tif in the digitizing folder.

Check that the new raster is fitting nicely with the original map.

14.3.3. Follow Along: Creating Supporting Points for Digitizing¶

Having in mind the digitizing tools in QGIS, you might already be thinking that it would be helpful to snap to those green pixels while digitizing. That is precisely what you are going to do next create points from those pixels to use them later to help you follow the forest stands’ borders when digitizing, by using the snapping tools available in QGIS.

• Use the Raster ‣ Conversion ‣ Polygonize (Raster to Vector) tool to vectorize your green lines to polygons. If you don’t remember how, you can review it in Lesson: Raster to Vector Conversion.
• Save as rautjarvi_green_polygon.shp inside the digitizing folder.

Zoom in and see what the polygons look like. You will get something like this:

Next one option to get points out of those polygons is to get their centroids:

• Open Vector ‣ Geometry tools ‣ Polygon centroids.
• Set the polygon layer you just got as the input file for the tool.
• Name the output as green_centroids.shp inside the digitizing folder.
• Check Add result to canvas.
• Run the tool to calculate the centroids for the polygons.

Now you can remove the rautjarvi_green_polygon layer from the TOC.

Change the symbology of the centroids layer as:

• Open the Layer Properties for green_centroids.
• Go to the Style tab.
• Set the Unit to Map unit.
• Set the Size to 1.

It is not necessary to differentiate points from each other, you just need them to be there for the snapping tools to use them. You can use those points now to follow the original lines much easily than without them.

14.3.4. Follow Along: Digitize the Forest Stands¶

Now you are ready to start with the actual digitizing work. You would start by creating a vector file of polygon type, but for this exercise, there is a shapefile with part of the area of interest already digitized. You will just finish digitizing the half of the forest stands that are left between the main roads (wide pink lines) and the lake:

• Go to the digitizing folder using your file manager browser.
• Drag and drop the forest_stands.shp vector file to your map.

Change the new layer’s symbology so that it will be easier to see what polygons have already been digitized:

• The filling of the polygon to green.
• The polygons’ borders to 1 mm.
• and set the transparency to 50%.

Now, if you remember past modules, we have to set up and activate the snapping options:

• Go to Settings ‣ Snapping options....
• Activate the snapping the green_centroids and the forest_stands layers.
• Set their Tolerance to 5 map units.
• Check the Avoid Int. box for the forest_stands layer.
• Check Enable topological editing.
• Click Apply.

With these snapping settings, whenever you are digitizing and get close enough to one of the points in the centroids layer or any vertex of your digitized polygons, a pink cross will appear on the point that will be snapped to.

Finally, turn off the visibility of all the layers except forest_stands and rautjarvi_georef. Make sure that the map image has not transparency any more.

A couple of important things to note before you start digitizing:

• Don’t try to be too accurate with the digitizing of the borders.
• If a border is a straight line, digitize it with just two nodes. In general, digitize using as few nodes as possible.
• Zoom in to close ranges only if you feel that you need to be accurate, for example, at some corners or when you want a polygon to connect with another polygon at a certain node.
• Use the mouse’s middle button to zoom in/out and to pan as you digitize.
• Digitize only one polygon at a time.
• After digitizing one polygon, write the forest stand id that you can see from the map.

Now you can start digitizing:

• Locate the forest stand number 357 in the map window.
• Enable editing for the forest_stands.shp layer.
• Select the Add feature tool.
• Start digitizing the stand 357 by connecting some of the dots.
• Note the pink crosses indicating the snapping.

• When you are done, right click to end digitizing that polygon.
• Enter the forest stand id (in this case 357).
• Click OK.

If you were not prompted for the polygon id when you finished digitizing it, go to Settings ‣ Options ‣ Digitizing and make sure that the Suppress attribute form pop-up after feature creation is not checked.

Your digitized polygon will look like this:

Now for the second polygon, pick up the stand number 358. Make sure that the Avoid int. is checked for the forest_stands layer. This option does not allow intersecting polygons at digitizing, so that if you digitize over an existing polygon, the new polygon will be trimmed to meet the border of the already existing polygons. You can use this characteristic to automatically obtain a common border.

• Begin digitizing the stand 358 at one of the common corners with the stand 357.
• Then continue normally until you get to the other common corner for both stands.
• Finally, digitize a few points inside polygon 357 making sure that the common border is not intersected. See left image below.
• Right click to finish editing the forest stand 358.
• Enter the id as 358.
• Click OK, your new polygon should show a common border with the stand 357 as you can seen in the image on the right.

The part of the polygon that was overlapping the existing polygon has been automatically trimmed out and you are left with a common border, as you intended it to be.

14.3.5. Try Yourself Finish Digitizing the Forest Stands¶

Now you have two forest stands ready. And a good idea on how to proceed. Continue digitizing on your own until you have digitized all the forest stands that are limited by the main road and the lake.

It might look like a lot of work, but you will soon get used to digitizing the forest stands. It should take you about 15 minutes.

During the digitizing you might need to edit or delete nodes, split or merge polygons. You learned about the necessary tools in Lesson: Feature Topology, now is probably a good moment to go read about them again.

Remember that having Enable topological editing activated, allows you to move nodes common to two polygons so that the common border is edited at the same time for both polygons.

Your result will look like this:

14.3.6. Follow Along: Joining the Forest Stand Data¶

It is possible that the forest inventory data you have for you map is also written in paper. In that case, you would have to first write that data to a text file or a spreadsheet. For this exercise, the information from the inventory for 1994 (the same inventory as the map) is ready as a comma separated text (csv) file.

Open the rautjarvi_1994.csv file from the exercise_data\forestry directory in a text editor and note that the inventory data file has an attribute called ID that has the numbers of the forest stands. Those numbers are the same as the forest stands ids you have entered for your polygons and can be used to link the data from the text file to your vector file. You can see the metadata for this inventory data in the file rautjarvi_1994_legend.txt in the same folder.

• Open the .csv in QGIS with the Layer ‣ Add Delimited Text Layer... tool. In the dialog, set it as follows:

To add the data from the .csv file:

• Open the Layer Properties for the forest_stands layer.
• Go to the Joins tab.
• Click the plus sign on the bottom of the dialog box.
• Select rautjarvi_1994.csv as the Join layer and ID as the Join field.
• Make sure that the Target field is also set to id.
• Click OK two times.

The data from the text file should be now linked to your vector file. To see what has happened, open the attribute table for the forest_stands layer. You can see that all the attributes from the inventory data file are now linked to your digitized vector layer.

14.3.7. Try Yourself Renaming Attribute Names and Adding Area and Perimeter¶

The data from the .csv file is just linked to your vector file. To make this link permanent, so that the data is actually recorded to the vector file you need to save the forest_stands layer as a new vector file. Close the attribute table and right click the forest_stands layer to save it as forest_stands_1994.shp.

Open your new forest_stands_1994.shp in your map if you did not added yet. Then open the attribute table. You notice that the names of the columns that you just added are no very useful. To solve this:

• Add the plugin Table Manager as you have done with other plugins before.
• Make sure the plugin is activated.
• In the TOC select the layer forest_stands_1994.shp.
• Then, go to Vector ‣ Table Manager ‣ Table manager.
• Use the dialogue box to edit the names of the columns to match the ones in the .csv file.

• Click on Save.
• Select Yes to keep the layer style.
• Close the Table Manager dialogue.

To finish gathering the information related to these forest stands, you might calculate the area and the perimeter of the stands. You calculated areas for polygons in Lesson: Supplementary Exercise. Go back to that lesson if you need to and calculate the areas for the forest stands, name the new attribute Area and make sure that the values calculated are in hectares.

Now your forest_stands_1994.shp layer is ready and packed with all the available information.

Save your project to keep the current map presentation in case you need to come back later to it.

14.3.8. In Conclusion¶

It has taken a few clicks of the mouse but you now have your old inventory data in digital format and ready for use in QGIS.

14.3.9. What’s Next?¶

You could start doing different analysis with your brand new dataset, but you might be more interested in performing analysis in a dataset more up to date. The topic of the next lesson will be the creation of forest stands using current aerial photos and the addition of some relevant information to your dataset.